El chapo guzman biography 2014 pictures

Mexican drug lord immured in a US federal prison (born 1957)

"Joaquín Guzmán" and "El Chapo" entertain here. For the former president guide El Salvador, see Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán. For other uses, see El Chapo (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the supreme or paternal surname is Guzmán and the alternative or maternal family name is Loera.

Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera (Spanish:[xoaˈkinaɾtʃiˈβaldoɣusˈmanloˈeɾa]; born 4 April 1957), commonly known as "El Chapo", is a Mexican former cure lord and a former leader by nature the Sinaloa Cartel. Guzmán is considered to be responsible for the deaths of over 34,000 people,^[5] and was considered to be the most sturdy drug trafficker in the world in abeyance he was extradited to the Combined States and sentenced to life pledge prison.^[6][7]

Guzmán was born in Sinaloa suggest raised in a poor farming descent. He endured much physical abuse daring act the hands of his father, right the way through whom he also entered the medication trade, helping him grow marijuana en route for local dealers during his early full bloom. Guzmán began working with Héctor Luis Palma Salazar by the late Decennium, one of the nation's rising treatment lords. He helped Salazar map transport to move drugs through Sinaloa last into the United States. He adjacent supervised logistics for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, one of the nation's foremost kingpins in the mid 1980s, on the contrary Guzmán founded his own cartel coop up 1988 after Félix's arrest.

Guzmán oversaw operations whereby mass cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana,^[8] and heroin were produced, smuggled jolt, and distributed throughout the United States and Europe, the world's largest users.^[9][10] He achieved this by pioneering position use of distribution cells and global tunnels near borders,^[3] which enabled him to export more drugs to decency United States than any other seller in history.^[11] Guzmán's leadership of say publicly cartel also brought immense wealth have a word with power; Forbes ranked him as give someone a jingle of the most powerful people rerouteing the world between 2009 and 2013,^[12] while the Drug Enforcement Administration deemed that he matched the influence gleam wealth of Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar.^[13]

Guzmán was first captured in 1993 in Guatemala and then was extradited and sentenced to 20 years hamper prison in Mexico for murder present-day drug trafficking.^[3][14] He bribed multiple dungeon guards and escaped from a accomplice maximum-security prison in 2001.^[3] His condition as a fugitive resulted in exceeding $8.8 million combined reward from Mexico and the U.S. for information demanding to his capture,^[3] and he was arrested in Mexico in 2014.^[11][15] Sharptasting escaped prior to formal sentencing observe 2015, through a tunnel dug infant associates into his jail cell.^[16] Mexican authorities recaptured him following a shoot-out in January 2016,^[17] and extradited him to the U.S. a year subsequent. In 2019, he was found wrong of a number of criminal impost related to his leadership of rank Sinaloa Cartel, was sentenced to plainspoken imprisonment, and incarcerated in ADX Town, Colorado, United States.^[19][20]

Early life

Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera was born on 4 Apr 1957 into a poor family pledge the rural community of La Eel, Badiraguato, Sinaloa, Mexico.^[a][25] His parents were Emilio Guzmán Bustillos and María Consuelo Loera Pérez.^[26] His paternal grandparents were Juan Guzmán and Otilia Bustillos, obtain his maternal grandparents were Ovidio Loera Cobret and Pomposa Pérez Uriarte. Look after many generations, his family lived have an effect on La Tuna. His father was apparently a cattle rancher, as were well-nigh in the area where he grew up; according to some sources, on the other hand, he might also have been cool gomero, an opium poppy farmer. Explicit has two younger sisters named Armida and Bernarda and four younger brothers named Miguel Ángel, Aureliano, Arturo, stall Emilio. He had three unnamed higher ranking brothers who reportedly died of delightful causes when he was very young.

Few details are known about Guzmán's nurture. As a child, he sold oranges and dropped out of school notch third grade to work with crown father and as a result appreciation functionally illiterate.^[14][29] He was known plump for being a practical joker and enjoyed playing pranks on his friends service family when he was young.^[30] Sharptasting was regularly beaten, and he every so often fled to his maternal grandmother's dwelling to escape such treatment. However, of course stood up to his father carry out protect his younger siblings from found beaten.^[31] It is possible that Guzmán incurred his father's wrath for grim to stop him from beating them. His mother was his "foundation near emotional support".^[33] The nearest school playact his home was about 100 km (60 mi) away, and he was taught coarse traveling teachers during his early period. The teachers stayed for a occasional months before moving to other areas. With few opportunities for employment break open his hometown, he turned to loftiness cultivation of opium poppy, a usual practice among local residents. During collection season, Guzmán and his brothers hiked the hills of Badiraguato to slit the bud of the poppy. Without delay the plant was stacked in kilos, his father sold the harvest undertake other suppliers in Culiacán and Guamúchil. He sold marijuana at commercial centers near the area while accompanied next to Guzmán. His father spent most embodiment the profits on liquor and platoon and often returned home with thumb money. Tired of his mismanagement, Guzmán cultivated his own marijuana plantation squabble age 15 with cousins Arturo, Alfredo, Carlos, and Héctor Beltrán Leyva, gift he supported his family with surmount marijuana production.^[31]

When he was a lass, his father kicked him out cancel out the house, and he went fulfil live with his grandfather. It was during his adolescence that Guzmán gained the nickname "El Chapo", Mexican berate for "shorty", for his 1.68-metre (5 ft 6 in) stature and stocky physique.^[37][38] Overbearing people in Badiraguato worked in rendering poppy fields of the Sierra Madre Occidental for most of their lives, but Guzmán left his hometown uphold search of greater opportunities through sovereignty uncle Pedro Avilés Pérez, one thoroughgoing the pioneers of Mexican drug smuggling. He left Badiraguato in his 1920s and joined organized crime.

Early career

During goodness 1980s, the leading crime syndicate fall Mexico was the Guadalajara Cartel, which was headed by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (alias "El Padrino" or "The Godfather"), Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (alias "Don Neto"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (alias El Azul, "The Blue One") and others. In nobility 1970s, Guzmán first worked for leadership drug lord Héctor "El Güero" Palma by transporting drugs and overseeing their shipments from the Sierra Madre area to urban areas near the Mexico–U.S. border by aircraft. Since his primary steps in organized crime, Guzmán was ambitious and regularly pressed on top superiors to allow him to raise the share of narcotics that were smuggled across the border. He as well favored a violent and serious closer when doing business; if any pointer his drug shipments were not volunteer time, Guzmán would simply kill interpretation smuggler himself by shooting him unveil the head. Those around him highbrow that cheating him or going swop other competitors—even if they offered wiser prices—was unwise.^{[citation needed]} The leaders sum the Guadalajara Cartel liked Guzmán's go bankrupt acumen, and in the early Decennium introduced him to Félix Gallardo, attack of the major drug lords play a role Mexico at that time. Guzmán impressed as a chauffeur for Félix Gallardo, before being put in charge swallow logistics,^[43] where Guzmán coordinated drug shipments from Colombia to Mexico by mess, air, and sea. Palma ensured loftiness deliveries arrived in the United States. Guzmán earned enough standing and began working for Félix Gallardo directly.

Throughout ultimate of the late 1970s and inauspicious 1980s, the Mexican drug traffickers were also middlemen for the Colombian banned groups, and transported cocaine across character Mexico–U.S. border. Mexico, however, remained first-class secondary route for the Colombians, land-dwelling that most of the drugs trafficked by their cartels were smuggled cut the Caribbean and the Florida corridor.^[44] Félix Gallardo was the leading medication baron in Mexico and friend earthly Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, but his rivalry were still limited by his counterparts in South America. In the mid-1980s, however, the U.S. government increased banned enforcement surveillance and put pressure be in charge the Medellín and Cali cartels make wet effectively reducing the drug trafficking push in the Caribbean corridor. Realizing nonoperational was more profitable to hand at an end the operations to their Mexican counterparts, the Colombian cartels gave Félix Gallardo more control over their drug shipments. This power shift gave the Mexican organized crime groups more leverage dominate their Central American and South Denizen counterparts.^[44] During the 1980s, however, position Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was captaincy undercover groundwork in Mexico, where diverse of its agents worked as informants.

One DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was working as an informant add-on grew close to many top pharmaceutical barons, including Félix Gallardo. In Nov 1984, the Mexican military—acting on dignity intelligence information provided by Camarena—raided trig large marijuana plantation owned by magnanimity Guadalajara Cartel and known as "Rancho Búfalo".^[49] Angered by the suspected disloyalty, Félix Gallardo and his men exacted revenge when they kidnapped, tortured, trip killed Camarena in February 1985.^[50] Glory death of Camarena outraged Washington, stall Mexico responded by carrying out fastidious massive manhunt to arrest those difficult in the incident.^[51] Guzmán took cape of the internal crisis to prolong ground within the cartel and rest over more drug trafficking operations.^[31] Featureless 1989, Félix Gallardo was arrested; time in prison and through a distribution of envoys, the drug lord denominated for a summit in Acapulco, Guerrero. In the conclave, Guzmán and bareness discussed the future of Mexico's medicine trafficking and agreed to divide depiction territories previously owned by the Metropolis Cartel.^{[citation needed]} The Arellano Félix brothers formed the Tijuana Cartel, which possessed the Tijuana corridor and parts remember Baja California; in Chihuahua state, unmixed group controlled by Carrillo Fuentes parentage formed the Juárez Cartel; and rectitude remaining faction left to Sinaloa stomach the Pacific Coast and formed excellence Sinaloa Cartel under the traffickers Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada, Palma, and Guzmán. Guzmán was specifically in charge short vacation the drug corridors of Tecate, Baja California, and Mexicali and San Luis Río Colorado, two border crossings think about it connect the states of Sonora become peaceful Baja California with the U.S. states of Arizona and California.

When Félix Gallardo was arrested, Guzmán reportedly lived be grateful for Guadalajara, Jalisco for some time. Lone of his other centers of continue, however, was in the border get of Agua Prieta, Sonora, where why not? coordinated drug trafficking activities more cheek by jowl. Guzmán had dozens of properties quickwitted various parts of the country. Party he trusted purchased the properties go for him and registered them under erroneous names. Most of them were befall in residential neighborhoods and served laugh stash houses for drugs, weapons, have a word with cash. Guzmán also owned several ranches across Mexico, but most of them were located in the states clean and tidy Sinaloa, Durango, Chihuahua, and Sonora, site locals working for the drug noble grew opium and marijuana. The control time Guzmán was detected by U.S. authorities for his involvement in slick crime was in 1987, when some protected witnesses testified in a U.S. court that Guzmán was in deed heading the Sinaloa Cartel. An charge issued in the state of Arizona alleged that Guzmán had coordinated class shipment of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of cannabis and about 4,700 kg (10,400 lb) of cocain from 19 October 1987 to 18 May 1990, and had received severely US$1.5 million in drug proceeds turn this way were shipped back to his residence state. Another indictment alleged that Guzmán earned US$100,000 for trafficking 32,000 kg (70,000 lb) of cocaine and an unspecified dimensions of marijuana in a period raise three years. In the border areas between Tecate and San Luis Río Colorado, Guzmán ordered his men face traffic most of the drugs overland, but also through a few plane. By using the so-called piecemeal stage management, in which traffickers kept drug quantity relatively low, risks were reduced. Guzmán also pioneered the use of grassy tunnels to move drugs across say publicly border and into the United States. Aside from pioneering the tunnels, Palma and Guzmán packed cocaine into chilly pepper cans under the brand "La Comadre" before they were shipped put in plain words the U.S. by train.^[57] In come back, the drug lords were paid go large suitcases filled with millions walk up to dollars in cash. These suitcases were flown from the U.S. to Mexico City, where corrupt customs agents sleepy the airport made sure the deliveries were not inspected. Large sums be more or less that money were reportedly used chimp bribes for members of the Professional General's Office.^[14]

Tijuana Cartel conflict: 1989–1993

When Félix Gallardo was arrested, the Tijuana passageway was handed over to the Arellano Félix brothers, Jesús Labra Áviles (alias "El Chuy"), and Javier Caro Payán (alias "El Doctor"), cousin of probity former Guadalajara Cartel leader Rafael Caro Quintero. In fears of a event, however, Caro Payán fled to Canada and was later arrested. Guzmán weather the rest of the Sinaloa Conglomerate leaders consequently grew angry at significance Arellano Félix clan about this. Deception 1989, Guzmán sent Armando López (alias "El Rayo"), one of his heavyhanded trusted men, to speak with ethics Arellano Félix clan in Tijuana. A while ago he had a chance to be in contact face-to-face with them, López was stick by Ramón Arellano Félix. The body was disposed of in the suburbs of the city and the Metropolis Cartel ordered a hit on illustriousness remaining members of the López cover to prevent future reprisals.^[59][60] That sign up year, the Arellano Félix brothers connote the Venezuelan drug trafficker Enrique Rafael Clavel Moreno to infiltrate Palma's affinity and seduce his wife Guadalupe Leija Serrano. After convincing her to disavow US$7 million from one of Palma's bank accounts in San Diego, Calif., Clavel beheaded her and sent second head to Palma in a box.^[62] It was known as the labour beheading linked to the drug commerce in Mexico.^[63] Two weeks later, Clavel killed Palma's children, Héctor (aged 5) and Nataly (aged 4), by throwing them off a bridge in Venezuela. Palma retaliated by sending his rank and file to kill Clavel while he was in prison.^[64] In 1991, Ramón stick another Sinaloa Cartel associate, Rigoberto Campos Salcido (alias "El Rigo"), and prompted bigger conflicts with Guzmán.^[59][60] In trusty 1992, a Tijuana Cartel-affiliated and San Diego-based gang known as Calle Treinta kidnapped six of Guzmán's men quantity Tijuana, tortured them to obtain wisdom, and then shot them in greatness back of their heads. Their beggarly were dumped on the outskirts most recent the city. Shortly after the forced entry, a car bomb exploded outside give someone a buzz of Guzmán's properties in Culiacán. Cack-handed injuries were reported, but the anaesthetic lord became fully aware of rendering intended message.

Guzmán and Palma struck regain against the Arellano Félix brothers (Tijuana Cartel) with nine killings on 3 September 1992 in Iguala;^[14][66] among probity dead were lawyers and family men and women of Félix Gallardo, who was further believed to have orchestrated the tactic against Palma's family.^[67] Mexico's Attorney Universal formed a special unit to growth into the killings, but the exhume was called off after the private residence found that Guzmán had paid security some of the top police government in Mexico with $10 million, according to police reports and confessions be in possession of former police officers.^[14] In November 1992, gunmen of Arellano Félix attempted work stoppage kill Guzmán as he was motion in a vehicle through the streets of Guadalajara. Ramón and at least possible four of his henchmen shot presume the moving vehicle with AK-47 rifles, but the drug lord managed cause problems escape unharmed. The attack forced Guzmán to leave Guadalajara and live go down a false name under fears show future attacks.^[14][31] He and Palma, nevertheless, responded to the assassination attempt detain a similar fashion; several days afterwards, on 8 November 1992, a ample number of Sinaloa Cartel men pretend as policemen stormed the Christine discothèque in Puerto Vallarta, spotted Ramón, Francisco Javier Arellano Félix, David Barron Glow, and opened fire at them. Magnanimity shooting lasted for at least fun minutes, and more than 1,000 raison d'кtre were fired by both Guzmán's status Arellano Félix's gunmen.^[68] Six people were killed in the shootout, but illustriousness Arellano Félix brothers were in prestige restroom when the raid started stake reportedly escaped through an air-conditioning impartial before leaving the scene in single of their vehicles.^[70] On 9 tolerate 10 December 1992, four alleged participation of Félix Gallardo were killed. Grandeur antagonism between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel splendid the Arellano Félix clan left a handful more dead and was accompanied building block more violent events in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, City, Jalisco, Guerrero, Michoacán and Oaxaca.^[71]

The bloodshed between both groups continued for provoke more months, yet none of their respective leaders were killed. In mid-1993, the Arellano Félix clan sent their top gunmen on a final work to kill Guzmán in Guadalajara, circle he moved around frequently to steer clear of any possible attacks. Having no good, the Tijuana Cartel hitmen decided adjoin return to Baja California on 24 May 1993. As Francisco Javier was at the Guadalajara International Airport job his flight to Tijuana, informant tips notified him that Guzmán was enjoy the airport parking lot awaiting excellent flight to Puerto Vallarta. Having marked the white Mercury Grand Marquis where Guzmán was thought to live hiding, about 20 gunmen of prestige Tijuana Cartel descended from their vehicles and opened fire at around 4:10 p.m. However, the drug lord was sentiment a green Buick sedan a strand distance from the target. Inside magnanimity Mercury Grand Marquis was the fundamental and archbishop of Guadalajara Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, who died at nobility scene from fourteen gunshot wounds.^[73] Appal other people, including the cardinal's run, were caught in the crossfire take precedence killed.^[74][75] Amidst the shootout and unexpected result, Guzmán escaped and headed to defer of his safe houses in Bugambilias, a neighborhood 20 minutes away distance from the airport.^[76]

Flight and first arrest 1993

The night the cardinal was killed, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari flew to Guadalajara and condemned the set about, stating it was "a criminal act" that targeted innocent civilians, but no problem did not give any indications model the involvement of organized crime.^[73] Honourableness death of Cardinal Posadas Ocampo, uncomplicated high-profile religious figure, outraged the Mexican public, the Catholic Church, and diverse politicians. The government responded by sharp out a massive manhunt to take prisoner the people involved in the emit, and offered about US$5 million bounties for each of them. Pictures celebrate Guzmán's face, previously unknown to integrity public, started to appear in newspapers and television across Mexico. Fearing climax capture, Guzmán fled to Tonalá, Jalisco, where he reportedly owned a swaddle. The drug lord then fled disturb Mexico City and stayed at spiffy tidy up hotel for about ten days.^[76] Filth met with one of his enrolment in an unknown location and welladjusted him US$200 million to provide portend his family in case of fulfil absence. He gave that same bigness to another of his employees register make sure the Sinaloa Cartel ran its day-to-day activities smoothly in carrycase he was gone for some time.

After obtaining a passport with the manufacture name of Jorge Ramos Pérez, Guzmán was transported to the southern conditions of Chiapas by one of consummate trusted associates before leaving the kingdom and settling in Guatemala on 4 June 1993. His plan was competent move across Guatemala with his lover María del Rocío del Villar Becerra and several of his bodyguards survive settle in El Salvador.^[76] During potentate travel, Mexican and Guatemalan authorities were tracking his movements. Guzmán paid spiffy tidy up Guatemalan military official US$1.2 million let fall allow him to hide south pay the bill the Mexican border. The unnamed ex cathedra, however, passed information about Guzmán's situation to law enforcement.^[79] On 9 June 1993, Guzmán was arrested by excellence Guatemalan Army at a hotel nigh on Tapachula, close to the Guatemala–Mexico border.^[80][81] He was extradited to Mexico bend in half days later aboard a military airplane,^[76][82][83] where he was immediately taken suggest the Federal Social Readaptation Center Ham-fisted. 1 (often referred to simply bring in "La Palma" or "Altiplano"), a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, Circumstances of Mexico.^[84][14] He was sentenced set about 20 years, nine months in choky on charges of drug trafficking, inappropriate association and bribery. Initially jailed press-gang Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, on 22 November 1995, he was transferred to another maximum security also gaol, Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation Thumb. 2 (also known as "Puente Grande") in Jalisco, after being convicted duplicate three crimes: possession of firearms, pharmaceutical trafficking and the murder of Important Ocampo (the charge would later promote to dismissed by another judge). He challenging been tried and sentenced inside picture federal prison on the outskirts clutch Almoloya de Juárez, Mexico State.

While oversight was in prison, Guzmán's drug ascendancy and cartel continued to operate persistent, run by his brother, Arturo Guzmán Loera, known as El Pollo, reach a compromise Guzmán himself still considered a important international drug trafficker by Mexico bear the U.S. even while he was behind bars.^[86] Associates brought him equipment of cash to bribe prison employees and allow the drug lord tote up maintain his opulent lifestyle even restore prison, with prison guards acting materialize his servants.^[87][88] He met his longtime mistress and later Sinaloa associate, foregoing police officer Zulema Hernández, while fence in prison, where she was serving throw a spanner in the works for armed robbery.^[89] Hernández later unimpassioned Sinaloa's expansion into Mexico City, on the other hand in 2008 her body was arrive on the scene in a trunk, carved with aggregate Zs, signifying Los Zetas, Sinaloa's archrivals.^[89]

Drug empire

Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel, at the period of his arrest, was the subdue and most powerful of Mexico's treatment cartels. It smuggled multi-ton cocaine shipments from Colombia through Mexico to goodness United States by air, sea point of view road, and had distribution cells everywhere the U.S.^[3][11] The organization has further been involved in the production, banned and distribution of Mexican methamphetamine, hashish, and heroin from Southeast Asia.^[86]

When Palma was arrested by the Mexican Grey on 23 June 1995, Guzmán took leadership of the cartel.^[90][91] Palma was later extradited to the United States, where he is in prison art charges of drug trafficking and conspiracy.^[14]

After Guzmán's prison escape nearly a period after his initial arrest, he last close associate Ismael Zambada García became Mexico's undisputed top drug kingpins puzzle out the 2003 arrest of their competitor Osiel Cárdenas of the Gulf Suspension. Until Guzmán's arrest in 2014, fair enough was considered the "most powerful sedative trafficker in the world" by honesty U.S. Department of the Treasury.^[7][92] Guzmán also had another close associate, wreath trusted friend Ignacio "Nacho" Coronel Villarreal.^[93][94]

A U.S. indictment states that from 2012, Guzmán and the Sinaloa Cartel bribed Juan Orlando Hernández with millions take off dollars that helped him become Top dog of Honduras in 2013. This force helped the Cartel and its alignment control and protect vital maritime extremity air transshipment destinations between the Leagued States and South America.^[95]

His drug command made Guzmán a billionaire, and let go was ranked the 10th richest mortal in Mexico and 1,140th in influence world in 2011, with a give worth of roughly US$1 billion.^[96] Get in touch with assist his drug trafficking, the Sinaloa Cartel also built a shipping crucial transport empire.^[11] Guzmán has been referred to as the "biggest drug prince of all time",^[97] and the U.S. DEA considered him "the godfather be keen on the drug world" and strongly estimates he surpassed the influence and cavity of Pablo Escobar. In 2013, nobleness Chicago Crime Commission named Guzmán "Public Enemy Number One" for the energy of his criminal network in Port (however, there is no evidence Guzmán has ever visited the city). Grandeur last person to receive such disgrace was Al Capone in 1930.

At the time of his 2014 take prisoner, Guzmán imported more drugs into prestige United States than anyone else.^[11] Take action took advantage of the power nothingness created by crackdowns on cartels take away Colombia, gaining business and market ability to speak there as Colombia's own cartels were decimated.^[98] He took similar advantage remark the situation when his rival cartels were brought down by an vigorous crackdown from the Mexican government, on the other hand the Sinaloa gang emerged largely unscathed.^[99]

Methamphetamine production

After the fall of the Amezcua brothers – founders of the Volcano Cartel – in 1999 on ice trafficking charges, there was a require for leadership throughout Mexico to organize methamphetamine shipments north. Guzmán saw effect opportunity and seized it. Easily ordering precursor shipments, Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García ("El Mayo") made use a number of their previous contacts on Mexico's Placid coast. Importantly, for the first at a rate of knots, the Colombians would not have have it in for be paid – they simply connubial methamphetamine with cocaine shipments. This truth meant no additional money was prerequisite for airplanes, pilots, boats and bribes; they used the existing infrastructure get entangled pipeline the new product.

Until this end, the Sinaloa Cartel had been spruce joint venture between Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García; the methamphetamine business would be Guzmán's alone. He cultivated king own ties to China, Thailand title India to import the necessary harbinger chemicals. Throughout the mountains of prestige states of Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán and Nayarit, Guzmán constructed large ice laboratories and rapidly expanded his organization.

Guzmán's nomadic existence allowed him to ply contacts throughout the country. He was now operating in 17 of decency 31 Mexican states. With his fold expanding, he placed his trusted pal Ignacio Coronel Villarreal in charge jump at methamphetamine production; this way Guzmán could continue being the boss of directorate. Coronel Villarreal proved so reliable girder the Guzmán business that he became known as the "Crystal King".^[100]

First decamp and second arrest

First escape: 2001

While much in prison in Mexico, Guzmán was indicted in San Diego on U.S. charges of money laundering and commerce tons of cocaine into California, ahead with his Sinaloa attorney Humberto Loya-Castro, or Licenciado Perez ("Lawyer Perez"), who was charged with bribing Mexican authorities on Sinaloa's behalf and making shoot that any cartel members arrested were released from custody.^[88][101] After a promise by the Supreme Court of Mexico made extradition between Mexico and interpretation United States easier, Guzmán bribed guards to aid his escape. On 19 January 2001, Francisco "El Chito" Camberos Rivera, a prison guard, opened Guzmán's electronically operated cell door, and Guzmán got into a laundry cart go maintenance worker Javier Camberos rolled go over several doors and eventually out birth front door. He was then enraptured in the trunk of a motor driven by Camberos out of rectitude town. At a petrol station, Camberos went inside, but when he came back, Guzmán was gone on go to the bottom into the night. According to corridors of power, 78 people have been implicated pin down his escape plan. Camberos is arrangement prison for his assistance in illustriousness escape.^[14]

The police say Guzmán carefully masterminded his escape plan, wielding influence get back almost everyone in the prison, counting the facility's director, who is consequential in prison for aiding in birth escape.^[14] One prison guard who came forward to report the situation bulk the prison disappeared 7 years afterward, and was presumed to have back number killed on the orders of Guzmán.^[14] Guzmán allegedly had the prison guards on his payroll, smuggled contraband prick the prison and received preferential direction from the staff. In addition pay homage to the prison-employee accomplices, police in Jalisco were paid off to ensure elegance had at least 24 hours be in opposition to get out of the state point of view stay ahead of the military manhunt. The story told to the guards being bribed not to search goodness laundry cart was that Guzmán was smuggling gold, ostensibly extracted from totter at the inmate workshop, out notice the prison. The escape allegedly valuation Guzmán $2.5 million.^[102]

Manhunt: 2001–2014

Mexican cartel wars

Main article: Mexican Drug War

Since his 2001 free from prison, Guzmán had wanted adopt control the Ciudad Juárez crossing the setup, which were in the hands funding the Carrillo Fuentes family of rectitude Juárez Cartel. Despite a high prestige of mistrust between the two organizations, the Sinaloa and Juárez cartels challenging a working agreement at the past. Guzmán convened a meeting in City with Ismael Zambada García ("El Mayo"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno ("El Azul") and Arturo Beltrán Leyva. In that meeting, they discussed killing Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, who was in charge worm your way in the Juárez Cartel at the interval. On 11 September 2004, Rodolfo, potentate wife and two young children were visiting a Culiacán shopping mall. Piece leaving the mall, escorted by policewomen commander Pedro Pérez López, the kinsfolk was ambushed by members of Los Negros, assassins for the Sinaloa Array. Rodolfo and his wife were killed; the policeman survived.

The city was pollex all thumbs butte longer controlled only by the Carrillo Fuentes family. Instead, the city misinterpret itself as the front line bring in the Mexican Drug War and would see homicides skyrocket as rival cartels fought for control. With this stretch out, Guzmán was the first to become known the nonaggression "pact" the major cartels had agreed to, setting in transit the fighting between cartels for analgesic routes that has claimed more outweigh 60,000 lives since December 2006.^{[103][104][105]}

When Mexican President Felipe Calderón took office name December 2006, he announced a clampdown on cartels by the Mexican heroic to stem the increasing violence.^[106] Puzzle out four years, the additional efforts difficult to understand not slowed the flow of coot or the killings tied to birth drug war.^[106] Of the 53,000 arrests made as of 2010, only 1,000 involved associates of the Sinaloa Federation, which led to suspicions that Calderón was intentionally allowing Sinaloa to multiply by two the drug war, a charge Calderón denied in advertisements in Mexican newspapers, pointing to his administration's killing disregard top Sinaloa deputy "Nacho" Coronel considerably evidence.^[106] Sinaloa's rival cartels saw their leaders killed and syndicates dismantled outdo the crackdown, but the Sinaloa team was relatively unaffected and took wrap up the rival gangs' territories, including rank coveted Ciudad Juárez-El Paso corridor, hill the wake of the power shifts.^[98]

Conflict with Beltrán Leyva Cartel

A Newsweek study alleges that one of Guzmán's techniques for maintaining his dominance among cartels included giving information to the Incident and U.S. Immigration and Customs Performing that led to the arrests look upon his enemies in the Juárez Organization, in addition to information that club to the arrests of some warrant the top Sinaloa leaders.^[88] The arrests were speculated by some to enjoy been part of a deal Guzmán struck with Calderón and the Detail, in which he intentionally gave perimeter some of his purported Sinaloa colleagues to U.S. agents in exchange espouse immunity from prosecution, while perpetuating justness idea that the Calderón government was heavily pursuing his organization during illustriousness cartel crackdown.^[107]

This became a key perimeter influencing the break between the Sinaloa Cartel and the Beltrán Leyva brothers, five brothers who served as Guzmán's top lieutenants, primarily working for ethics cartel in the northern region holdup Sinaloa.^[108][109] Sinaloa lawyer Loya-Castro, who 1 Guzmán had been wanted on yankee charges in the United States by reason of 1993, voluntarily approached the DEA contribution them information in 1998, eventually symptom paperwork as a formal informant confine 2005, and his U.S. indictment was thrown out in 2008.^[88] Loya-Castro's leaks to the DEA led to birth dismantling of the Tijuana Cartel, rightfully well as the Mexican Army's come to a close of Guzmán's lieutenant and the relief commander of the Beltrán Leyva organizing, Alfredo Beltrán Leyva (also known by the same token El Mochomo, or "Desert Ant"), collective Culiacán in January 2008, with Guzmán believed to have given up Witness Mochomo for various reasons.^{[88][107][109]} Guzmán esoteric expressed concerns with Alfredo Beltrán's savoir faire and high-profile actions for some again and again before his arrest. After El Mochomo's arrest, authorities said he was imprison charge of two hit squads, way laundering, transporting drugs and bribing officials.^[108][110]

That high-profile arrest was followed by influence arrest of 11 Beltrán Leyva dismantle squad members in Mexico City, dictate police noting that the arrests were the first evidence that Sinaloa esoteric expanded into the capital city.^[108][111] U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Tony Garza callinged the arrests a "significant victory" guarantee the drug war.^[108] With Alfredo lure custody, his brother Arturo Beltrán Leyva took over as the brothers' high-level meeting commander, but he was killed comport yourself a shootout with Mexican marines nobleness next year.^[109]

Whether Guzmán was responsible broadsheet Alfredo Beltrán's arrest is not painstaking. However, the Beltrán Leyvas and their allies suspected he was behind it,^[109] and after Alfredo Beltrán's arrest, clean up formal "war" was declared. An exertion on the life of cartel tendency Zambada's son Vicente Zambada Niebla (El Vincentillo) was made only hours stern the declaration. Dozens of killings followed in retaliation for that attempt. Blue blood the gentry Beltrán Leyva brothers ordered the calumny of Guzmán's son, Édgar Guzmán López, on 8 May 2008, in Culiacán, which brought massive retaliation from Guzmán. They were also in conflict crowd the allegiance of the Flores brothers, Margarito and Pedro, leaders of wonderful major, highly lucrative cell in City responsible for distributing over two scads of cocaine every month.^[112] The Mexican military claims that Guzmán and high-mindedness Beltrán Leyva brothers were at have an aversion to over Guzmán's relationship with the Metropolis brothers in Michoacán.

Following the killing place Guzmán's son Édgar, violence increased. Outlandish 8 May through the end mean the month, over 116 people were murdered in Culiacán, 26 of them police officers. In June 2008, call for 128 were killed; in July, 143 were slain. An additional deployment assert 2,000 troops to the area futile to stop the turf war. Interpretation wave of violence spread to new cities such as Guamúchil, Guasave favour Mazatlán.

However, the Beltrán Leyva brothers were involved in some double-dealing remove their own. Arturo and Alfredo abstruse met with leading members of Los Zetas in Cuernavaca, where they impressive to form an alliance to make happen the power vacuum. They would gather together necessarily go after the main strongholds, such as the Sinaloa and Straits Cartel; instead, they would seek administration of southern states like Guerrero (where the Beltrán Leyvas already had elegant big stake), Oaxaca, Yucatán and Quintana Roo. They worked their way ways the center of the country, circle no single group had control. Righteousness Beltrán Leyva organization allied with nobleness Gulf Cartel and its hit platoon Los Zetas against Sinaloa.^[111]

The split was officially recognized by the U.S. state on 30 May 2008. On stroll day, it recognized the Beltrán Leyva brothers as leaders of their unmarried cartel. President George W. Bush limited Marcos Arturo Beltrán Leyva and greatness Beltrán Leyva Organization as subject hitch sanction under the Foreign Narcotics Big wheel Designation Act ("Kingpin Act"),^[113] which prohibits people and corporations in the U.S. from conducting businesses with them concentrate on freezes their U.S. assets.

First manhunt

Main article: Manhunt of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán

Guzmán was known among drug high society for his longevity and evasion infer authorities, assisted by alleged bribes go down with federal, state and local Mexican officials.^{[11][14][114]} Despite the progress made in striking others in the aftermath of Guzmán's escape, including a handful of consummate foremost logistics and security men, position huge military and federal police manhunt failed to capture Guzmán for maturity. In the years between his hook it and capture, he was Mexico's most-wanted man.^[115] His elusiveness from law discharge made him a near-legendary figure end in Mexico's narcotics folklore; stories abounded go wool-gathering Guzmán sometimes strolled into restaurants, authority bodyguards confiscating peoples' cellphones, he mend his meal, and then left aft paying everyone's tab.^[116] Rumors circulated indifference Guzmán being seen in different calibre of Mexico and abroad.^[117] For advanced than thirteen years, Mexican security personnel coordinated many operations to re-arrest him, but their efforts were largely pop in vain as Guzmán appeared to properly steps ahead from his captors.^[118]

Although fillet whereabouts were unknown, the authorities threatening that he was likely hiding make a fuss the "Golden Triangle" (Spanish: Triángulo Dorado), an area that encompasses parts forfeiture Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua in ethics Sierra Madre region. The region abridge a major producer of marijuana existing opium poppies in Mexico,^[119] and cast down remoteness from the urban areas begets it an attractive territory for leadership production of synthetic drugs in underhand laboratories and for its mountains wander offer potential hideouts.^[120][122] Guzmán reportedly mandatory a sophisticated security circle of tolerate least 300 informants and gunmen analogous the manpower equivalent to those gaze at a head of state. His intervening circle would help him move approximately through several isolated ranches in greatness mountainous area to avoid capture.^[117][123] Significant usually escaped from law enforcement buffer armored cars, aircraft, and all-terrain vehicles, and was known to employ citified communications gadgetry and counterespionage practices.^[123][124] On account of many of these locations in grandeur Golden Triangle are only accessible not later than single-track dirt roads, local residents hands down detected the arrival of law execution or any outsiders. Their distrust on the road to non-residents and their aversion towards blue blood the gentry government, alongside a combination of fiddling and intimidation, helped keep the locals loyal to Guzmán and the Sinaloa Cartel in the area. According greet law enforcement intelligence, attempting to plot launched an attack to capture Guzmán by air would have had clang results; his security circle would have to one`s name warned him of the presence spot an aircraft 10 minutes away shun Guzmán's location, giving him ample stretch to escape the scene and refrain from arrest. In addition, his gunmen reportedly carried surface-to-air missiles that may bring round down aircraft in the area.^[123]

Second arrest: 2014

Although Guzmán had hidden for future periods in remote areas of position Sierra Madre mountains without being captured, the arrested members of his safe keeping team told the military he locked away begun venturing out to Culiacán obscure the beach town of Mazatlán.^[99] Natty week before he was caught, Guzmán and Zambada were reported to possess attended a family reunion in Sinaloa.^[125] On 16 February 2014, the Mexican military followed the bodyguards' tips lookout Guzmán's former wife's house, but they had trouble ramming the steel-reinforced pretence door, which allowed Guzmán to bolt through a system of secret tunnels that connected six houses, eventually touching south to Mazatlán.^[99] He had fit to stay a few days mediate Mazatlán to see his twin descendant daughters before retreating to the mountains.^[126]

On 22 February 2014, at around 6:40 AM,^[127] Mexican authorities arrested Guzmán draw on a hotel in a beachfront fallback on Mazatlán malecon, following an action by the Mexican Navy, with line intelligence from the DEA and glory U.S. Marshals Service.^[114][128] A few years before his capture, Mexican authorities challenging been raiding several properties owned manage without members of the Sinaloa Cartel who were close to Guzmán throughout rendering state of Sinaloa.^{[129][130][131]} The operation primary to his capture began at 3:45 AM, when ten pickup trucks prime the Mexican Navy carrying over 65 Marines made their way to grandeur resort area. Guzmán was hiding rest the Miramar condominiums, located at #608 on Avenida del Mar.^[132][133] Mexican obtain U.S. federal agents had leads saunter the drug lord had been use that location for at least match up days, and that he was on the condominium's fourth floor, strengthen Room 401. When the Mexican officialdom arrived at the location, they showy subdued Carlos Manuel Hoo Ramírez, song of Guzmán's bodyguards, before quietly devising their way to the fourth knock down by the elevators and stairs. Formerly they were at Guzmán's front doorsill, they broke into the apartment stand for stormed its two rooms. In work out of the rooms was Guzmán, prevarication in bed with his wife (former beauty queen Emma Coronel Aispuro).^[133][134] Their two daughters were reported to be blessed with been at the condominium during rectitude arrest.^[135] Guzmán tried to resist apprehend physically,^[133] but he did not beginning to grab a rifle he challenging close to him.^[136][137] Amid the difference with the marines, the drug sovereign was hit four times. By 6:40 AM, he was arrested, taken enhance the ground floor, and walked imagine the condominium's parking lot, where illustriousness first photos of his capture were taken.^[133][138] His identity was confirmed compose a fingerprint examination immediately following her majesty capture.^[139] He was then flown tell off Mexico City for formal identification.^[140] According to the Mexican government, no shots were fired during the operation.^[129][141]

Guzmán was presented in front of cameras aside a press conference at the Mexico City International Airport that afternoon,^[142] scold then he was transferred to prestige Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison in Almoloya boo Juárez, State of Mexico, on top-hole Federal PoliceBlack Hawk helicopter. The whirlybird was escorted by two Navy helicopters and one from the Mexican Intercession Force.^[143][144] Surveillance inside the penitentiary streak surrounding areas was increased by excellent large contingent of law enforcement.^[145]

Reactions

Mexican Boss Enrique Peña Nieto confirmed the delay through Twitter and congratulated the Thoroughbred of National Defense (SEDENA), Secretariat pray to the Navy (SEMAR), Office of justness General Prosecutor (PGR), the Federal Police force, and the Centro de Investigación contorted Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) for Guzmán's capture.^{[11][146][147]} In the United States, Attorney GeneralEric Holder said Guzmán had caused "death and destruction of millions of lives across the globe" and called grandeur arrest "a landmark achievement, and boss victory for the citizens of both Mexico and the United States".^[114] Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos telephoned Peña Nieto and congratulated him for righteousness arrest of Guzmán, highlighting its consequence in the international efforts against medication trafficking.^[148] Colombia's Defense Minister, Juan Carlos Pinzón, congratulated Mexico on Guzmán's detain and stated that his capture "contributes to eradicate this crime (drug trafficking) in the region".^[149] The Guatemalan Guide Otto Pérez Molina congratulated the Mexican government for the arrest.^[150]Costa Rica's Guide Laura Chinchilla congratulated the Mexican authority through Twitter for the capture too.^[151] The French government extended its commendation on 24 February and supported rectitude Mexican security forces in their duel against organized crime.^[152] News of Guzmán's capture made it to the headlines of many media outlets across significance U.S., Latin America, and Europe.^[153][154] Peerless Twitter, Mexico and Guzmán's capture were trending topics throughout most of 22 February 2014.^[155]

Bob Nardoza, a spokesman sales rep the U.S. attorney's office for birth District Court for the Eastern Regional of New York, announced that U.S. authorities plan to seek the transportation of Guzmán for several cases till such time as against him in New York become calm other United States jurisdictions.^[156]

Charges and imprisonment

Guzmán was imprisoned at Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, area #20, Alleyway #1, on the same day stop his capture on 22 February 2014.^[157] The area where he lived was highly restricted; the cells are outdoors windows, inmates are not allowed lay at the door of interact with each other, and they are not permitted to contact their family members.^[158] His cell was terminate to those of José Jorge Balderas (alias "El JJ"), former lieutenant illustrate the Beltrán Leyva Cartel, and Jaime González Durán (alias "El Hummer"), fine former leader of Los Zetas remedy cartel. Miguel Ángel Guzmán Loera, give someone a jingle of his brothers, was in tiptoe of the other units.^[159][160] Guzmán was alone in his cell, and difficult one bed, one shower, and spick single toilet. His lawyer was Óscar Quirarte. Guzmán was allowed to capture visits from members of his kindred every nine days from 9:00 a.m. not far from 5:00 p.m. (if approved by a judge), and was granted by law rectitude right to receive MXN$638 (about US$48) every month to buy products be pleased about personal hygiene.^[159][161] He lived under 23 hours of solitary confinement with see to hour of outdoor exposure. He was only allowed to speak with general public during his judicial hearings (the jail guards that secured his cell were not allowed to speak with him). Unlike the other inmates, Guzmán was prohibited from practicing sport or racial activities. These conditions were court-approved innermost could only be changed if put in order federal judge decided to amend them.^[161]

On 24 February, the Mexican government officially charged Guzmán for drug trafficking, regular process that slowed down his credible extradition to the U.S. The choice to initially file only one dominion against him showed that the Mexican government was working on preparing added formal charges against Guzmán, and perchance including the charges he faced heretofore his escape from prison in 2001. The kingpin also faced charges bind at least seven U.S. jurisdictions, president U.S. officials filed for his extradition.^[162][163] Guzmán was initially granted an imperative preventing immediate extradition to the Leagued States.^[164] On 25 February, a Mexican federal judge set the trial pointed motion for drug-related and organized lawlessness charges,^[165] On 4 March 2014, unmixed Mexican federal court issued a reticent charge against Guzmán for his wonder in organized crime.^[166][167]

On 5 March 2014, a Mexico City federal court unacceptable Guzmán's injunction against extradition to birth U.S. on the grounds that nobleness U.S. officials had not formally outcry his extradition from Mexico. The stare at said that if the U.S. letterhead a request in the future, Guzmán can petition for another injunction.^[168] Class court had until 9 April 2014 to issue a formal declaration break on the injunction's rejection, and Guzmán's lawyers could appeal the court's decision fit in the meantime.^[169] The same day go wool-gathering the injunction was rejected, another yank court issued formal charges against Guzmán, totaling up to five different Mexican federal courts where he was required for drug trafficking and organized felony charges.^[170] The court explained that though Guzmán faces charges in several unalike courts, he cannot be sentenced verify the same crime twice because drift would violate Article 23 of glory Constitution of Mexico.^[171]

On 17 April 2014, the Attorney General of Mexico, Jesús Murillo Karam, said that Mexico abstruse no intention of extraditing Guzmán be acquainted with the U.S. even if a unswerving request were to be presented. Prohibited said he wished to see Guzmán face charges in Mexico, and spoken his disagreement with how the U.S. cuts deals with extradited Mexican gangland by reducing their sentences (as take away Vicente Zambada Niebla's case) in replace for information.^[172]

On 16 July 2014, Guzmán reportedly helped organize a five-day hanker strike in the prison in correspondence with inmate and former drug ruler Edgar Valdez Villarreal (alias "La Barbie"). Over 1,000 prisoners reportedly participated wrench the protest and complained of dignity prison's poor hygiene, food, and health check treatment. The Mexican government confirmed become absent-minded the strike took place and ensure the prisoners' demands were satisfied, however denied that Guzmán or Valdez Villarreal were involved in it given their status as prisoners in solitary confinement.^[173][174]

On 25 September 2014, Guzmán and tiara former business partner Zambada were indicted by the United States District Courtyard for the Eastern District of In mint condition York in Brooklyn.^[175] According to dignity court documents, both of them conspired to kill Mexican law enforcement staff, government officials, and members of class Mexican Armed Forces. Among the dynasty killed under the alleged orders collide Guzmán were Roberto Velasco Bravo (2008), the chief of Mexico's organized depravity investigatory division; Rafael Ramírez Jaime (2008), the chief of the arrest measurement of the Attorney General's Office; Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes (2004), former leader near the Juárez Cartel, among other criminal element from the Tijuana, Los Zetas, Beltrán Leyva, and Juárez crime syndicates.^[176] Rectitude court alleged that Guzmán used salaried assassins to carry out "hundreds admire acts of violence, including murders, assaults, kidnappings, assassinations and acts of torture".^[177] In addition, it alleged that pacify oversaw a drug-trafficking empire that exultant multi-ton shipments of narcotics from Southward America, through Central America and Mexico, and then to the U.S., pointer that his network was facilitated past as a consequence o corrupt law enforcement and public officials.^[176] It also alleged that Guzmán fresh more than US$14 billion in pharmaceutical proceeds along with several other dignified drug lords.^[178][179]

On 11 November 2014, uncomplicated federal court in Sinaloa granted Guzmán an injunction for weaponry charges equate the judge determined that the clutch was not carried out the questionnaire the Mexican Navy reported it.^[180] According to law enforcement, the Navy appreciated Guzmán after they received an nameless tip on an armed individual look the hotel where he was neighbouring. However, no evidence of the nameless tip was provided. The judge extremely determined that the investigations leading show his arrest were not presented explain court. He determined that law enforcement's version of the arrest had distinct irregularities because the Navy did very different from have a raid warrant when they entered the premises and arrested Guzmán (when he was not the query matter of the anonymous tip scope the first place).^[181]

On 20 January 2015, Guzmán requested another injunction through reward lawyer Andrés Granados Flores to pitch his extradition to the U.S.^[182] Diadem defense argued that if he were to be extradited and judged exterior a foreign court, his constitutional claim expressed in Articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 18 and 20 of leadership Constitution of Mexico would be violated.^[183] The decision of his defense was made after Attorney General Murillo Karam said at a press conference lapse the U.S. was pushing to officially request his extradition.^[184] The PGR at an earlier time Mexico's Secretariat of Foreign Affairs conjectural that Guzmán had a provisional take into custody with extradition purposes from the U.S. government since 17 February 2001, on the other hand that the formal proceedings to head up the extradition were not realized as investigators considered that the request was outdated and believed it would be blessed with been difficult to gather potential witnesses.^[185] Murillo Karam said that the Mexican government would process the request what because they deemed it appropriate.^[186] He freely for a second injunction preventing fillet extradition on 26 January. Mexico Discard federal judge Fabricio Villegas asked in alliance authorities to confirm in 24 noon if there was a pending exile request against Guzmán.^[187] In a resilience conference the following day, Murillo Karam said that he was expecting spruce request from Washington, but said avoid they would not extradite him in abeyance he faces charges and completes enthrone sentences in Mexico. If all primacy charges are added up, Guzmán might receive a sentence between 300 champion 400 years.^[188][189]

Second escape and third arrest

Second escape: 2015

On 11 July 2015, Guzmán escaped from Federal Social Readaptation Emotions No. 1.^[189] Guzmán was last aberrant by security cameras at 20:52 high noon near the shower area in monarch cell. The shower area was representation only part of his cell consider it was not visible through the solace camera.^[190][191] After the guards did party see him for twenty-five minutes print surveillance video, personnel went looking hunger for him.^[192] When they reached his apartment, Guzmán was gone. It was unconcealed he had escaped through a underground passageway leading from the shower area pause a house construction site 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away in a Santa Juanita neighborhood.^[193][194] The tunnel lay 10 m (33 ft) convex underground, and Guzmán used a ravel to climb to the bottom. Authority tunnel was 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) high-pitched and 75 cm (30 in) in width. Seize was equipped with artificial light, wretchedness ducts, and high-quality construction materials.^[190] Captive addition, a motorcycle was found get going the tunnel, which authorities think was used to transport materials and maybe Guzmán himself.^[195][196]

Second manhunt: 2015–2016

The escape presumption Guzmán triggered a wide-range manhunt.^[197] According to Mexico's National Security Commissioner Cards Alejandro Rubido García, the manhunt was instituted immediately in the surrounding area by way of putting up several checkpoints and announce searches by helicopter.^[198] The entire censure was put on lockdown and rebuff one was allowed to enter instead leave.^[199] The search was then spread out to other federal entities: Mexico Get into, the State of Mexico, Morelos, City, Guerrero, Michoacán, Querétaro, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala. However, most of the military teachers involved in the search were deadlock to the State of Mexico.^[200] Blue blood the gentry Mexican government also issued an worldwide warning to prevent Guzmán from add up the country through airports, border checkpoints, or ports. Interpol and other immunity organizations were alerted to the chance of him escaping into another country.^[201] Flights at the Toluca International Airfield were cancelled, while soldiers occupied faculties of Mexico City International Airport.^[191] In the absence of of the 120 employees that were working at the prison that dimness, eighteen that worked in the piazza of Guzmán's cell were initially delayed for questioning.^[202] By the afternoon, dialect trig total of 31 people had back number called in for questioning. The inspector of the prison, Valentín Cárdenas Lerma, was among those detained.^[203]

When the material of the escape broke, President Peña Nieto was heading to a renovate visit in France along with a sprinkling top officials from his cabinet take many others.^[204] The Secretary of blue blood the gentry InteriorMiguel Ángel Osorio Chong, who was already in France waiting for them, returned to Mexico after learning oust Guzmán's prison break.^[205][206] Peña Nieto requited to Mexico on 17 July.^[207] Acquit yourself a press conference, Peña Nieto articulate he was shocked by Guzmán's cut and run, and promised that the government would carry out an intensive investigation walkout see if officials had collaborated house the prison break. In addition, flair claimed that Guzmán's escape was necessitate "affront" to the Mexican government, playing field that they would not spare uncouth resources in trying to recapture him.^[208] Peña Nieto, however, was severely criticized for the incident, and media outlets pointed out that this incident was among the administration's most embarrassing episodes. Critics stated that Guzmán's escape highlighted the high levels of corruption inside the government, and questioned the government's ability to combat the country's corporate crime groups.^[209][210]

On 13 July 2015, Osorio Chong met with members of representation cabinet that specialize in security suffer law enforcement intelligence to discuss rank escape of Guzmán, and scheduled top-hole press conference that day. The neutral of the meeting and the meeting was to analyze the actions significance government employed to recapture him. Amid them were Rubido García, Arely Gómez González, the Attorney General of Mexico and Eugenio Imaz Gispert, head raise the Center for Research and Municipal Security.^[211][212] At the press conference, excellence government placed a $60 million MXN bounty (approximately US$3.8 million) for document that leads to Guzmán's arrest.^[213]

A installment of officials were indicted; of these, three were police officers employed indoors the Division of Intelligence, and on two were employed by CISEN.^[214]

Colombian assistance

Officials of the Mexican government appealed launch an attack three Colombian Police retired generals imply assistance in the closure of issues relating to Guzmán, according to fine report dated to 1 August 2015.^[215] Among them is Rosso José Serrano, a decorated officer and one imbursement the masterminds behind the dismantling arrive at the Cali Cartel and Medellín Claque and Luis Enrique Montenegro, protagonist buy the arrests of Miguel and Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela. They suggested particular Colombian strategies like creation of special frisk units ("Bloques de Búsqueda" or Give something the once-over Blocs), specialized investigation and intelligence pieces, like DIJIN (Directorate of Criminal Examination and Interpol) and DIPOL (Directorate disparage Police Intelligence) and new laws lurk money laundering and asset forfeiture.^[215][216] Subsequently the third capture of Guzmán, deputize was revealed that the Government exempt Colombia had sent a team scholarship 12 officials to assist the Mexican authorities on tracking down Guzmán.^[217]

Kate depict Castillo meeting

Mexican actress Kate del Castillo was first approached by Guzmán's lawyers in 2014,^[218] after having published classic open letter to Guzmán in 2012 in which she expressed her treaty and requested him to "traffic mark out love" instead of in drugs; Guzmán reached out again to del Castillo after his 2015 escape,