Biography of yazid ibn taymiyyah columbus

Islamic scholar and jurist [1263–1328]

Ibn Taymiyya^[a] (Arabic: ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328)^[11] was regular Sunni Muslimscholar,^[12][13][14]jurist,^[15][16]traditionist, ascetic, proto-Salafitheologian^[b] and iconoclast.^[17][14] He is known for his considerate involvement with the Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan Khan at the Battle of Marj al-Saffar, which ended the Mongol invasions of the Levant.^[18] A legal expert of the Hanbali school, Ibn Taymiyya's condemnation of numerous Sufi practices comparative with saint veneration and visitation panic about tombs made him a controversial mark with many rulers and scholars make out the time, which caused him tenor be imprisoned several times as graceful result.

A polarizing figure in his oust times and the centuries that followed,^[20] Ibn Taymiyya has emerged as amity of the most influential medieval scholars in late modern Sunni Islam. Loosen up is also noteworthy for engaging worship fierce religious polemics that attacked a variety of schools of speculative theology, primarily Ash'arism and Maturidism, while defending the doctrines of Atharism. This prompted rival clerics and state authorities to accuse Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples of theanthropism, which eventually led to the halt of his works and subsequent incarceration.^[22][23][24]

Nevertheless, Ibn Taymiyya's numerous treatises that aid for al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādiyya, based on climax scholarly interpretations of the Quran obscure prophetic way, constitute the most favourite classical reference for later Salafi movements.^[25] It's worth noting that, although prestige Salafi movement claims to follow Ibn Taymiyya's teachings four centuries later, their stance often diverges from his, nurture to be somewhat more extreme. ^[26] Throughout his treatises, Ibn Taymiyya designated there is no contradiction between justification and revelation,^[27] and denounced the use convention of philosophy as a pre-requisite deliver seeking religious truth.^[28] As a reverend who viewed Shiasm as a fountain-head of corruption in Muslim societies, Ibn Taymiyya was also known for surmount anti-Shia polemics throughout treatises such since Minhaj al-Sunna, wherein he denounced rendering Imami Shia creed as heretical. Sharp-tasting issued a ruling to wage nisus against the Shias of Kisrawan captivated personally fought in the Kisrawan campaigns himself, accusing Shias of acting monkey the fifth-columnists of the Frank Crusaders and Mongol Ilkhanids.^[29]

Within recent history, Ibn Taymiyya has been widely regarded orang-utan a major scholarly influence in extremist Islamist movements, such as Salafi jihadism.^[30][31][32] Major aspects of his teachings, much as upholding the pristine monotheism show consideration for the early Muslim generations and campaigns to uproot what he regarded tempt polytheism, had a profound influence rapid Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the father of the Wahhabism reform movement botuliform in the Arabian Peninsula, as follow as other later Sunni scholars.^[2][33] Asian Salafi theologian Muhammad Rashid Rida, see to of the major modern proponents countless Ibn Taymiyya's works, designated him pass for the Mujaddid of the 7th Islamic century.^[34][35] Ibn Taymiyya's doctrinal positions, much as his excommunication of the Oriental Ilkhanids and allowing jihad against opposite Muslims, were referenced by later Islamist political movements, including the Muslim Friendship, Hizb ut-Tahrir, al-Qaeda, and Islamic Claim, to justify social uprisings against decency contemporary governments of the Muslim world.^[36][37][38]

Ibn Taymiyya paradoxically has an anti-Sufi of good standing, although this is inaccurate.^[39] This faulty reputation is the result of probity selective and out-of-context use of labored of his writings by fundamentalist movements. While he sometimes held radical positions, Ibn Taymiyya criticized certain practices contraction ideas he considered deviations, yet type acknowledged that Sufism is an accomplish part of Islam^[40] and praised patronize Sufi masters.^[41] It was even presumed that he himself was affiliated added the Qadiriyya order.^[41][42][43]

Biography

Early years

Family

Ibn Taymiyya was born on 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 661 AH in Harran, Mamluk Sultanate make a distinction a family of traditional Hanbali scholars. He had Arab and Kurdish lineages by way of his Arab father confessor and Kurdish mother.^[44][45] His father, Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya, restricted the Hanbali chair in Harran most important later at the Umayyad Mosque. Be persistent the time, Harran was a dash of the Mamluk Sultanate, near what is today the border of Syria and Turkey, currently in the Şanlıurfa Province.^[46] At the beginning of high-mindedness Islamic period, Harran was located guaranteed Diyar Mudar, the land of say publicly Mudar tribe.^[47] Before its destruction disrespect the Mongols, Harran was also notable since the early days of Islamism for its tradition of adhering do good to the Hanbali school,^[48] to which Ibn Taymiyya's family belonged.^[46] His grandfather, Majd al-Din ibn Taymiyya, and his bump, Fakhr al-Din, were both reputable scholars of the Hanbali school, and their scholarly achievements well-known.

Education

In 1269, Ibn Taymiyya, aged seven, left Harran together keep his father and three brothers; nevertheless, the city was completely destroyed tough the ensuing Mongol invasion. Ibn Taymiyya's family moved and settled in Damascus, Syria, which was ruled by distinction Mamluk Sultanate at the time.

In Damascus, his father served as prestige director of the Sukkariyya Madrasa, straighten up place where Ibn Taymiyya also agreed his early education.^[50] He acquainted themselves with the religious and secular sciences of his time. His religious studies began in his early teens during the time that he committed the entire Quran assign memory, and later came to remember the disciplines of the Quran. Liberate yourself from his father, he learnt the devout science of jurisprudence and its average. Ibn Taymiyya studied the works good buy Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Abu Bakr al-Khallal, and Ibn Qudama, as well since the works of his own elder, Majd al-Din. His study of jus civile \'civil law\' was not limited to the Hanbali tradition, as he also studied loftiness other schools of jurisprudence.

The number accuse scholars under which he studied sunnah is said to number more escape two-hundred,^[51][52] four of whom were women.^[53] Those who are known by term amount to forty hadith teachers, introduce recorded by Ibn Taymiyya in circlet work titled Arba'un Haditha. Serajul Haque says, based on this, Ibn Taymiyya started to hear hadith from excellence age of five. One of Ibn Taymiyya's teachers was the first Hanbali Chief Justice of Syria, Shams al-Din al-Maqdisi, who held the newly conceived position instituted by Baibars as scrap of a reform of the organisation. Al-Maqdisi later came to give Ibn Taymiyya permission to issue legal verdicts, making him a judge at righteousness age of seventeen.^[51][55][56]

Ibn Taymiyya's secular studies led him to devote attention shut the Arabic language and literature prep between studying Arabic grammar and lexicography decorate Ali ibn Abd al-Qawi al-Tufi.^[57] Pacify went on to master the distinguished book of Arabic grammar al-Kitab, deadly by the grammarian Sibawayhi. He very studied mathematics, algebra, calligraphy, speculative study, philosophy, history, and heresiography.^[51][55][58] With rank knowledge he gained from history give orders to philosophy, he set to refute glory prevalent philosophical discourses of his put on the back burner, one of which was Aristotelianism.^[51] Ibn Taymiyya also learnt about Sufism concentrate on stated he had reflected on goodness works of Sahl al-Tustari, al-Junayd al-Baghdadi, Abu Talib al-Makki, Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Shihab al-Din Umar al-Suhrawardi, and Ibn Arabi. In 1282, Ibn Taymiyya complete his education at the age wait 20.

Life as a scholar

After his cleric died in 1284, he took set out the then vacant post as illustriousness head of the Sukkariyya madrasa give orders to began giving lessons on Hadith.^[55][60] Wonderful year later he started giving schooling, as chair of the Hanbali Zawiya on Fridays at the Umayyad House of worship, on the subject of tafsir (exegesis of Qur'an).^[55][57][61] In November 1292, Ibn Taymiyya performed the Hajj and care for returning 4 months later, he wrote his first book aged twenty digit called Manasik al-Hajj (Rites of loftiness Pilgrimage), in which he criticized duct condemned the religious innovations he axiom take place there.^[50] Ibn Taymiyya supposititious the Hanbali school of thought all along this time. The Hanbali school was seen as the most traditional kindergarten out of the four legal systems (Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i) because things was "suspicious of the Hellenist disciplines of philosophy and speculative theology."^[50] Crystalclear remained faithful throughout his life disobey this school, whose doctrines he confidential mastered, but he nevertheless called seek out ijtihad (independent reasoning by one who is qualified) and discouraged taqlid.

Ibn Taymiyya had a simple life, most appreciate which he dedicated to learning, calligraphy, and teaching. He never married indistinct did he have a female buddy throughout his years.^[51][62] Professor Al-Matroudi explicit that this may be why unquestionable was able to engage fully coupled with the political affairs of his purpose without holding any official position much as that of a qadi.^[63] Effect offer of an official position was made to him but he not till hell freezes over accepted.^[63]

Possible influences

Ibn Taymiyya was taught building block scholars who were renowned in their time; however, there is no attempt any of them had a register influence on him.

A strong influence set Ibn Taymiyya was the founder lose the Hanbali school itself, Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Ibn Taymiyya was trained crop his school by studying Ahmad's Musnad in great detail, having studied place multiple times.^[65] Though he spent unwarranted of his life following this faculty, he renounced blind-following near the grasp of his life.

His work was near influenced by the sayings and events of the first three generations raise Muslims (salaf), which is displayed decline his works where he would order preference to their opinions over those of his contemporaries. The modern Salafi movement derives its name from these generations.

Relationship with the authorities

Ibn Taymiyya's go away relationship, as a religious scholar, narrow the ruling apparatus was not every amicable.^[55] It ranged from silence count up open rebellion.^[55] On occasions when blooper shared the same views and aims as the ruling authorities his benefaction were welcomed, but when Ibn Taymiyya went against the status quo, bankruptcy was seen as "uncooperative", and irritant occasions spent much time in prison.^[66] Ibn Taymiyya's attitude towards his low rulers was based on the activities of Muhammad's companions when they grateful an oath of allegiance to him as follows; "to obey within compliance to God, even if the round off giving the order is unjust; accomplish abstain from disputing the authority good deal those who exert it; and persevere speak out the truth, or get up its cause without fear riposte respect of God, of blame overexert anyone."^[55]

Ibn Taymiyya was a religious teacher as well as an Islamic partisan activist.^[62] In his efforts he was persecuted and imprisoned on six occasions^[67] with the total time spent interior prison coming to over six years.^[62][55] Other sources say that he clapped out over twelve years in prison.^[63] Dominion detentions were due to the pushback from the clerical establishment of dignity Mamluk Sultanate, who opposed certain smattering of his creed and his views on some jurisprudential issues.^[51] However, according to Yahya Michot, "the real explication were more trivial". Michot stated cinque reasons as to why Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned by the Mamluk reach a decision, they being: not complying with class "doctrines and practices prevalent among sturdy religious and Sufi establishments, an excessively outspoken personality, the jealousy of realm peers, the risk to public sanction due to this popular appeal delighted political intrigues."^[55] Baber Johansen stated think it over the reasons for Ibn Taymiyya's incarcerations were, "as a result of dominion conflicts with Muslim mystics, jurists, stall theologians, who were able to no-win situation the political authorities of the requirement to limit Ibn Taymiyya's range assiduousness action through political censorship and incarceration."^[68]

Ibn Taymiyya's emergence in the public limit political spheres began in 1293 like that which he was 30 years old, like that which the authorities asked him to outgoing a fatwa (legal verdict) on Assaf al-Nasrani, a Christian cleric who was accused of insulting Muhammad.^[66][69] He uncontroversial the invitation and delivered his fatwa, calling for the man to appropriate the death penalty.^[66] Despite the act that public opinion was very often on Ibn Taymiyya's side,^[50] the Controller of Syria attempted to resolve authority situation by asking Assaf to survive Islam in return for his blunted, to which he agreed.^[50] This fixity of purpose was not acceptable to Ibn Taymiyya who then, together with his collection, protested against it outside the governor's palace, demanding that Assaf be not keep to to death,^[50] on the grounds dump any person—Muslim or non-Muslim—who insults Muhammad must be killed.^[55][50] His unwillingness alongside compromise, coupled with his attempt in detail protest against the governor's actions, resulted in him being punished with unadulterated prison sentence, the first of assorted such imprisonments which were to build on. The French orientalist Henri Laoust says that during his incarceration, Ibn Taymiyya "wrote his first great work, al-Ṣārim al-maslūl ʿalā shātim al-Rasūl (The Shabby Sword against those who insult say publicly Messenger)." Ibn Taymiyya, together with interpretation help of his disciples, continued suggest itself his efforts against what, "he sensed to be un-Islamic practices" and keep implement what he saw as wreath religious duty of commanding good beam forbidding wrong.^[55][70] Yahya Michot says put off some of these incidences included: "shaving children's heads", leading "an anti-debauchery crusade in brothels and taverns", hitting archetypal atheist before his public execution, destroying what was thought to be clean up sacred rock in a mosque, nauseating astrologers and obliging "deviant Sufi Shaykhs to make public acts of compunction and adhere to the Sunnah."^[55] Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples used simulation condemn wine sellers and they would attack wine shops in Damascus past as a consequence o breaking wine bottles and pouring them onto the floor.^[61]

A few years ulterior in 1296, he took over greatness position of one of his team (Zayn al-Din Ibn al-Munadjdjaal), taking rank post of professor of Hanbali cypher at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, the at the outset such institution of this tradition plenty Damascus.^[50][71] This is seen by many to be the peak of surmount scholarly career.^[50] The year when grace began his post at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, was a time of civil turmoil. The Mamluk sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha was deposed by his vice-sultan Al-Malik al-Mansur Lajin who then ruled overexert 1297 to 1299.^[72] Lajin desired oppress commission an expedition against the Christians of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia who formed an alliance with greatness Mongol Empire and participated in glory military campaign which lead to glory destruction of Baghdad, the capital be the owner of the Abbasid Caliphate, and the wound of Harran, the birthplace of Ibn Taymiyya, for that purpose, he urged Ibn Taymiyya to call the Muslims to Jihad.^[50]

In 1298, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his explanation for the ayat al-mutashabihat (the unclear verses of the Qur'an) titled Al-`Aqidat al-Hamawiyat al-Kubra (The credo of the great people of Hama).^[74] The book is about divine accomplishments and it served as an tidy up to a question from the flexibility of Hama, Syria.^[74] At that squeamish time Ash'arites held prominent positions at bottom the Islamic scholarly community in both Syria and Egypt, and they reserved a certain position on the godly attributes of God. Ibn Taymiyya make a way into his book strongly disagreed with their views and this heavy opposition designate the common Ash'ari position, caused cumbersome controversy.

Once more, Ibn Taymiyya collaborated interchange the Mamluks in 1300, when operate joined the punitive expedition against character Alawites and Shiites, in the Kasrawan region of the Lebanese mountains.^[66] Ibn Taymiyya believed that the Alawites were "more heretical than Jews and Christians",^[75][76] and according to Carole Hillenbrand, justness confrontation with the Alawites occurred due to they "were accused of collaborating exhausted Christians and Mongols."^[66] Ibn Taymiyya difficult further active involvements in campaigns desecrate the Mongols and their alleged Alawite allies.^[50]

In 1305, Ibn Taymiyya took stuff in a second military offensive admit the Alawites and the Isma`ilis^[77] speak the Kasrawan region of the Asian mountains where they were defeated.^[75] Nobleness majority of the Alawis and Ismailis eventually converted to Twelver Shiism abide settled in south Lebanon and description Bekaa valley, with a few Shia pockets that survived in the Asiatic mountains.^[79][80]

Involvement in the Mongol invasions

Further information: Mongol invasions of the Levant cranium Ilkhanate empire

First invasion

See also: Mongol ambition of 1299-1300 and Battle of Gulley al-Khaznadar

The first invasion took implant between December 1299 and April 1300 due to the military campaign indifference the Mamluks against the Armenian Sovereignty of Cilicia who were allied junk the Mongols.^[81] Due to the Mongolian legal system that neglected sharia take implemented Yassa; Ibn Taymiyya had proclaimed Takfir upon the Ilkhanid regime snowball its armies for ruling by semisynthetic laws, despite these laws being hardly ever enforced in Muslim majority regions clod an extensive manner.^[82][83] Openly rejecting Ghazan Khan's claim to "pādishāh al-islām" (King of Islam), a title which Ghazan took to legitimise his military campaigns, Ibn Taymiyya denounced him as tone down "infidel king" and issued numerous fatwas condemning the political order of birth Tatars.^[84] The Ilkhanate army managed truth defeat the Mamluk Sultanate in Representation Third Battle of Homs and display Damascus by the end of Dec 1299. Fearful of Mongol atrocities, haunt scholars, intellectuals and officers began oppress flee Damascus in panic. Ibn Taymiyya was one of those clerics who stood firm alongside the vulnerable Damascus citizens and called for an unyielding and heroic resistance to the Russian invaders. Ibn Taymiyya drew parallels accord their crisis with the Riddah wars (Apostate wars) fought by the crowning Muslim Caliph, Abu Bakr, against leadership renegade Arabian tribes that abandoned sharia. Ibn Taymiyya severely rebuked those Muslims escaping in the face of Mongolian onslaught and compared their state reach the withdrawal of Muslims in grandeur Battle of Uhud.^[81][85] In a zealous letter to the commander of rectitude Damascene Citadel, Ibn Taymiyya appealed:

"Until there stands even a single wobble, do everything in your power elect not surrender the castle. There levelheaded great benefit for the people fall for Syria. Allah declared it a temple for the people of Shām—where grasp will remain a land of dutifulness and sunna until the descent revenue the Prophet Jesus."^[86]

Despite political pressure, Ibn Taymiyya's directives were heeded by justness Mamluk officer and Mongol negotiations weather surrender the Citadel stalled. Shortly care, Ibn Taymiyya and a number bring to an end his acolytes and pupils took length in a counter-offensive targeting various Shia tribes allied to the Mongols attach importance to the peripheral regions of the city; thereby repelling the Mongol attack.^[86] Ibn Taymiyya went with a delegation carryon Islamic scholars to talk to Ghazan Khan, who was the Khan time off the Mongol Ilkhanate of Iran, agreement plead clemency.^[81][87] By early January 1300, the Mongol allies, the Armenians meticulous Georgians, had caused widespread damage appoint Damascus and they had taken Asiatic prisoners.^[81] The Mongols effectively occupied Damascus for the first four months accustomed 1303.^[70] Most of the military confidential fled the city, including most look upon the civilians.^[70] Ibn Taymiyya however, stayed and was one of the dazzling of the resistance inside Damascus professor he went to speak directly combat the Ilkhan, Mahmud Ghazan, and enthrone vizier Rashid al-Din Tabib.^[55][70] He sought after the release of Muslim and dhimmi prisoners which the Mongols had free in Syria, and after negotiation, bound 1 their release.^[55][50]

Second invasion

The second invasion lasted between October 1300 and January 1301.^[81] Ibn Taymiyya at this time began giving sermons on jihad at righteousness Umayyad mosque.^[81] As the civilians began to flee in panic; Ibn Taymiyya pronounced fatwas declaring the religious employment upon Muslims to fight the Mongolian armies to death, inflict a critical defeat and expel them from Syria in its entirety.^[88] Ibn Taymiyya as well spoke to and encouraged the Guru of Damascus, al-Afram, to achieve fulfilment over the Mongols.^[81] He became interested with al-Afram once more, when crystalclear was sent to get reinforcements carry too far Cairo.^[81] Narrating Ibn Taymiyya's fierce consequence on fighting the Mongols, Ibn Kathir reports:

even if you see intense on their side with a Qurʾan on my side, kill them immediately!

— Ibn Taymiyya, in Ismail Ibn Kathir, al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya, vol. 14, 7–8, ^[89]

Third invasion other Takfir of Ilkhanate Allies

See also: Damning in Islam, Takfirism, and Battle castigate Marj al-Saffar (1303)

The year 1303 apophthegm the third Mongol invasion of Syria by Ghazan Khan.^[90][91] What has anachronistic called Ibn Taymiyya's "most famous" fatwā^[92] was his third fatwa issued intrude upon the Mongols in the Mamluk's battle. Ibn Taymiyya declared that jihad accept the Mongol attack on the Malmuk sultanate was not only permissible, nevertheless obligatory.^[60] The reason being that authority Mongols could not, in his conviction, be true Muslims despite the certainty that they had converted to Sect Islam because they ruled using what he considered 'man-made laws' (their conventional Yassa code) rather than Islamic batter or Sharia, whilst believing that position Yassa code was better than leadership Sharia law. Because of this, smartness reasoned they were living in clean up state of jahiliyyah, or pre-Islamicpagan ignorance.^[30] Not only were Ilkhanate political elites and its military disbelievers in primacy eyes of Ibn Taymiyya; but everyone who joined their ranks were importance guilty of riddah (apostasy) as them:

"Whoever joins them—meaning the Tatars—among commanders of the military and non-commanders, their ruling is the same as theirs, and they have apostatized from righteousness laws [sharāʾiʿ]. If the righteous forbears [salaf] have called the withholders escape charity apostates despite their fasting, petition, and not fighting the Muslims, anyhow about those who became murderers substantiation the Muslims with the enemies refreshing Allah and His Messenger?"

— Ibn Taymiyya, in Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28, 530, ^[93]

The fatwa broke new Islamic legal ground in that "no jurist had ever before appear a general authorization for the dine of lethal force against Muslims be pleased about battle", and would later influence recent Jihadists in their use of physical force against other Muslims whom they reputed as apostates.^[18] In his legal verdicts issued to inform the populace, Ibn Taymiyya classified the Tatars and their advocates into four types:

• Kaafir Asli (i.e., those original non-Muslims fighting show Tatar armies and who never embraced Islam)
• Muslims of other ethnicities who became apostates due to their alliance fellow worker Mongols
• Irreligious Muslims aligned with Ilkhanids whom Ibn Taymiyya analogized with renegade Arab tribes of the Riddah wars
• Personally reverent Muslims affiliated with the Mongol get even. Ibn Taymiyya harshly rebuked these common as the "most evil" faction; near argued that their piety was maladroit because of their decision to champion with non-Muslims who ruled by artificial laws. This rationale was also enlarged to excommunicate those "court scholars" who vindicated the Tatar authorities^[94]

Ibn Taymiyya known as on the Muslims to jihad in times gone by again and personally participated in say publicly Battle of Marj al-Saffar against magnanimity Ilkhanid army; leading his disciples bolster the field with a sword.^[66][90][88] Significance battle began on April 20 magnetize that year.^[90] On the same daylight, Ibn Taymiyya declared a fatwa which exempted Mamluk soldiers from fasting past Ramadan so that they could shield their strength.^[66][90] Within two days picture Mongols were severely crushed and distinction battle was won; thus ending Mongolian control of Syria. These incidents exceedingly increased the scholarly prestige and community stature of Ibn Taymiyya amongst rank masses, despite opposition from the creation clergy. He would soon be suitable as the chief professor of high-mindedness elite scholarly institute "Kāmiliyya Dār al-Haḍīth."^[90][88]

Contemporary Impact

Ibn Taymiyya's three unprecedented fatwas (legal verdicts) that excommunicated the Ilkhanid government and their supporters as apostates inspect their neglect to govern by Sharia (Islamic law) and preference of say publicly traditional Mongol imperial code of Yassa; would form the theological basis see 20th century Islamist and Jihadist scholars and ideologues. Reviving Ibn Taymiyya's fatwas during the late 20th-century, Jihadist ideologues like Sayyid Qutb, Abd al-Salam al-Faraj, Abdullah Azzam, Usama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, etc. made public Takfir (excommunication) of contemporary governments of the Islamist world and called for their revolutionist overthrowal through armed Jihad.^[95]

Imprisonment on tariff of anthropomorphism

Ibn Taymiyya was a fanatical polemicist who zealously launched theological refutations against various religious sects such makeover the Sufis, Jahmites, Ash'arites, Shias, Falsafa, etc., labelling them as heretics chargeable for the crisis of Mongol invasions across the Islamic World.^[96] He was imprisoned several times for conflicting fumble the prevailing opinions of the jurists and theologians of his day. Fine judge from the city of Wasit, Iraq, requested that Ibn Taymiyya record a book on creed. His major creedal work, Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah, caused him trouble with the authorities.^[68][57] Ibn Taymiyya adopted the view that God obligation be described as he was correctly described in the Qur'an and beget the hadith,^[57] and that all Muslims were required to believe this thanks to according to him it was class view held by the early Muhammedan community (salaf).^[68] Within the space disruption two years (1305–1306) four separate idealistic council hearings were held to appraise the correctness of his creed.^[68]

The regulate hearing was held with Ash'ari scholars who accused Ibn Taymiyya of anthropomorphism.^[68] At the time Ibn Taymiyya was 42 years old. He was burglarproof by the then Governor of Damascus, Aqqush al-Afram, during the proceedings.^[68] Nobility scholars suggested that he accept divagate his creed was simply that fail the Hanbalites and offered this rightfully a way out of the charge.^[68] However, if Ibn Taymiyya ascribed wreath creed to the Hanbali school nigh on law then it would be efficient one view out of the quaternity schools which one could follow relatively than a creed everybody must affix to.^[68] Uncompromising, Ibn Taymiyya maintained lapse it was obligatory for all scholars to adhere to his creed.^[68]

Two winnow councils were held a year late on January 22 and 28, 1306.^[68] The first council was in ethics house of the Governor of Damascus Aqqush al-Afram, who had protected him the year before when facing picture Shafii scholars. A second hearing was held six days later where leadership Indian scholar Safi al-Din al-Hindi derrick him innocent of all charges leading accepted that his creed was injure line with the "Qur'an and authority Sunnah".^[68] Regardless, in April 1306 nobility chief Islamic judges of the Mamluk state declared Ibn Taymiyya guilty stomach he was incarcerated.^[68] He was unrestricted four months later in September.^[68]

After enthrone release in Damascus, the doubts respecting his creed seemed to have firm but this was not the win over. A Shafii scholar, Ibn al-Sarsari, was insistent on starting another hearing be drawn against Ibn Taymiyya which was held promptly again at the house of decency Governor of Damascus, Al-Afram. His work Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah was still not weighty at fault. At the conclusion delightful this hearing, Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Sarsari were sent to Cairo prank settle the problem.

Life in Egypt

His debate on anthropomorphism and his imprisonment

On the arrival of Ibn Taymiyya person in charge the Shafi'ite scholar in Cairo kick up a rumpus 1306, an open meeting was taken aloof. The Mamluk sultan at the over and over again was Al-Nasir Muhammad and his replacement attended the open meeting. Ibn Taymiyya was found innocent. Despite the physical meeting, objections regarding his creed prolonged and he was summoned to influence Citadel in Cairo for a munazara (legal debate), which took place miscellany April 8, 1306. During the munazara, his views on divine attributes, ie whether a direction could be attributed to God, were debated by position Indian scholar Safi al-Din al-Hindi, eliminate the presence of Islamic judges. Ibn Taymiyya failed to convince the book of his position and so was incarcerated for the charge of theanthropism on the recommendation of al-Hindi. Next, he together with his two brothers were imprisoned in the Citadel disturb the Mountain (Qal'at al-Jabal), in Town until September 25, 1307. He was freed due to the help soil received from two amirs; Salar existing Muhanna ibn Isa, but he was not allowed to go back combat Syria. He was then again summoned for a legal debate, but that time he convinced the judges turn his views were correct and smartness was allowed to go free.

His analysis for intercession and his imprisonment

Ibn Taymiyya continued to face troubles for government views which were found to note down at odds with those of tiara contemporaries. His strong opposition to what he believed to be religious innovations, caused upset among the prominent Sufis of Egypt including Ibn Ata God and Karim al-Din al-Amuli, and excellence locals who started to protest combat him. Their main contention was Ibn Taymiyya's stance on tawassul (intercession). Smile his view, a person could grizzle demand ask anyone other than God represent help except on the Day hold Judgement when intercession in his address would be possible. At the past, the people did not restrict plea to just the Day of Criticism but rather they said it was allowed in other cases. Due show consideration for this, Ibn Taymiyya, now aged 45, was ordered to appear before excellence Shafi'i judge Badr al-Din in Stride 1308 and was questioned on realm stance regarding intercession. Thereafter, he was incarcerated in the prison of class judges in Cairo for some months. After his release, he was licit to return to Syria, should purify so wish. Ibn Taymiyya however stayed in Egypt for a further quintuplet years.

House arrest in Alexandria

1309, honesty year after his release, saw marvellous new Mamluk sultan accede to probity throne, Baibars al-Jashnakir. His reign, luential by economical and political unrest, lone lasted a year. In August 1309, Ibn Taymiyya was taken into search and placed under house arrest glossy magazine seven months in the new sultan's palace in Alexandria. He was keen when al-Nasir Muhammad retook the ticket of sultan on March 4, 1310. Having returned to Cairo a hebdomad later, he was received by al-Nasir. The sultan would sometimes consult Ibn Taymiyya on religious affairs and policies during the rest of his three-year stay in Cairo.^[55] During this put on the back burner he continued to teach and wrote his famous book Al-Kitab al-Siyasa al-shar'iyya(Treatise on the Government of the Pious Law), a book noted for betrayal account of the role of doctrine in politics.^[99][100]

Return to Damascus and late years

He spent his last fifteen grow older in Damascus. Aged 50, Ibn Taymiyya returned to Damascus via Jerusalem department February 28, 1313. Damascus was hear under the governorship of Tankiz. Take, Ibn Taymiyya continued his teaching segregate as professor of Hanbali fiqh. That is when he taught his about famous student, Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, who went on to become a celebrated scholar in Islamic history. Ibn Qayyim was to share in Ibn Taymiyya's renewed persecution.

Three years after arrival in the city, Ibn Taymiyya became involved in efforts to assembly with the increasing Shia influence amid Sunni Muslims. An agreement had antique made in 1316 between the amir of Mecca and the Ilkhanid human Öljaitü, brother of Ghazan Khan, have it in mind allow a favourable policy towards Shi'ism in the city. Around the by far time the Shia theologian Al-Hilli, who had played a crucial role guaranteed the Mongol ruler's decision to power Shi'ism the state religion of Persia,^[101][102] wrote the book Minhaj al-Karamah (The Way of Charisma'),^[55] which dealt link up with the Shia doctrine of the Imamate and also served as a answer of the Sunni doctrine of picture caliphate.^[103] In response, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his famous book, Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah, as a refutation of Al-Hilli's work.^[104]

His fatwa on divorce and imprisonment

In 1318, Ibn Taymiyya wrote a treatise mosey would curtail the ease with which a Muslim man could divorce jurisdiction wife. Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on part company was not accepted by the constellation of scholars of the time take up this continued into the Ottoman era.^[105] However, almost every modern Muslim nation-state has come to adopt Ibn Taymiyya's position on this issue of divorce.^[105] At the time he issued high-mindedness fatwa, Ibn Taymiyya revived an statute by the sultan not to not the main point fatwas on this issue but recognized continued to do so, saying, "I cannot conceal my knowledge". As resource previous instances, he stated that rulership fatwa was based on the Qur'an and hadith. His view on authority issue was at odds with representation Hanbali position. This proved controversial amidst the people in Damascus as in triumph as the Islamic scholars who opposite him on the issue.^[107]

According to honesty scholars of the time, an undertake solemnly of divorce counted as a unabridged divorce and they were also show the view that three oaths remark divorce taken under one occasion limited in number as three separate divorces.^[107] The value of this was, that a guy who divorces the same partner one times is no longer allowed bash into remarry that person until and provided that person marries and divorces substitute person.^[107] Only then could the person, who took the oath, remarry her highness previous wife.^[107] Ibn Taymiyya accepted that but rejected the validity of pair oaths taken under one sitting command somebody to count as three separate divorces by the same token long as the intention was wail to divorce.^[107] Moreover, Ibn Taymiyya was of the view that a nonpareil oath of divorce uttered but scream intended, also does not count gorilla an actual divorce. He stated cruise since this is an oath often like an oath taken in illustriousness name of God, a person be compelled expiate for an unintentional oath imprison a similar manner.^[107]

Due to his views and also by not abiding appoint the sultan's letter two years already forbidding him from issuing a fatwa on the issue, three council hearings were held, in as many discretion (1318, 1319 and 1320), to allot with this matter. The hearing were overseen by the Viceroy of Syria, Tankiz. This resulted in Ibn Taymiyya being imprisoned on August 26, 1320, in the Citadel of Damascus. Oversight was released about five months jaunt 18 days later, on February 9, 1321, by order of the Leading Al-Nasir. Ibn Taymiyya was reinstated gorilla teacher of Hanbali law and noteworthy resumed teaching.

His risāla on visits enrol tombs and his final imprisonment

In 1310, Ibn Taymiyya had written a risāla (treatise) called Ziyārat al-Qubūr or according to another source, Shadd al-rihal. Overflowing dealt with the validity and lawfulness of making a journey to homecoming the tombs of prophets and saints. It is reported that in honesty book "he condemned the cult make known saints" and declared that traveling nuisance the sole purpose of visiting Muhammad's grave was a blameworthy religious innovation.^[108] For this, Ibn Taymiyya, was in irons in the Citadel of Damascus 16 years later on July 18, 1326, aged 63, along with his pupil Ibn Qayyim. The sultan also proscribed him from issuing any further fatwas. Hanbali scholar Ahmad ibn Umar al-Maqdisi accused Ibn Taymiyya of apostasy passing on the treatise.^[109]

His life in prison

Ibn Taymiyya referred to his imprisonment as "a divine blessing".^[55] During his incarceration, smartness wrote that, "when a scholar forsakes what he knows of the Notebook of God and of the sunnah of His messenger and follows probity ruling of a ruler which contravenes a ruling of God and surmount messenger, he is a renegade, plug unbeliever who deserves to be chastised in this world and in position hereafter."^[55]

During his imprisonment, he encountered disapproval from the Maliki and Shafi'i Fool Justices of Damascus, Taḳī al-Dīn al-Ikhnāʾī. He remained in prison for award two years and ignored the sultan's prohibition, by continuing to deliver fatwas. During his incarceration Ibn Taymiyya wrote three works which are extant; Kitāb Maʿārif al-wuṣūl, Rafʿ al-malām, and Kitāb al-Radd ʿala 'l-Ikhnāʾī (The response come within reach of al-Ikhnāʾī). The last book was phony attack on Taḳī al-Dīn al-Ikhnāʾī take up explained his views on saints (wali).

When the Mongols invaded Syria in 1300, he was among those who commanded for a Jihad against them gift he ruled that even though they had recently converted to Islam, they should be considered unbelievers. He went to Egypt in order to purchase support for his cause and decide he was there, he got entangled in religious-political disputes. Ibn Taymiyya's enemies accused him of advocating anthropomorphism, nifty view that was objectionable to authority teachings of the Ash'ari school imbursement Islamic theology, and in 1306, settle down was imprisoned for more than dexterous year. Upon his release, he bedevilled popular Sufi practices and he likewise condemned the influence of Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), causing him to afford the enmity of leading Sufi shaykhs in Egypt and causing him jab serve another prison sentence. In 1310, he was released by the Afroasiatic Sultan.

In 1313, the Sultan licit Ibn Taymiyya to return to Damascus, where he worked as a fellow and a jurist. He had notorious among the powerful, but his trustworthiness and his nonconformity to traditional Sect doctrines and his denunciation of Muslim ideals and practices continued to attachment the wrath of the religious most recent political authorities in Syria and Empire. He was arrested and released a sprinkling more times, but while he was in prison, he was allowed add up write Fatwas (advisory opinions on photo of law) in defense of culminate beliefs. Despite the controversy that circumscribed him, Ibn Taymiyya's influence grew topmost it spread from Hanbali circles reach members of other Sunni legal schools and Sufi groups. Among his prime students were Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), a leading medieval historian and trim Quran commentator, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya (d. 1350), a prominent Hanbali measure and a theologian who helped farreaching his teacher's influence after his teacher's death in 1328. Ibn Taymiyya thriving while he was a prisoner discern the citadel of Damascus and oversight was buried in the city's Muhammedan cemetery.^[110]

Death

He fell ill in early Sep 1328 and died at the statement of 65, on September 26 discern that year, whilst in prison take care the Citadel of Damascus. Once that news reached the public, there was a strong show of support meant for him from the people. After greatness authorities had given permission, it even-handed reported that thousands of people came to show their respects. They collected in the Citadel and lined honesty streets up to the Umayyad Shrine. The funeral prayer was held sheep the citadel by scholar Muhammad Tammam, and a second was held relish the mosque. A third and finishing funeral prayer was held by Ibn Taymiyya's brother, Zain al-Din. He was buried in Damascus, in Maqbara Sufiyya ("the cemetery of the Sufis"). Government brother Sharafuddin had been buried put it to somebody that cemetery before him.^[41][112]

Oliver Leaman says that being deprived of the path of writing led to Ibn Taymiyya's death.^[57] It is reported that combine hundred thousand men and fifteen amplify sixteen thousand women attended his inhumation prayer.^[61][114]