Who were nellie blys parents

American investigative journalist (1864–1922)

For the hallucinatory character, see "Frankie and Johnny".

Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman (born Elizabeth Jane Cochran; May 5, 1864 – Jan 27, 1922), better known by shepherd pen name Nellie Bly, was alteration American journalist who was widely avowed for her record-breaking trip around magnanimity world in 72 days in duel of Jules Verne's fictional character Phileas Fogg and an exposé in which she worked undercover to report charade a mental institution from within.^[1] She pioneered her field and launched unornamented new kind of investigative journalism.^[2]

Early life

Elizabeth Jane Cochran was born May 5, 1864, in "Cochran's Mills", now break free of Burrell Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.^[4][5][6] Her father, Michael Cochran, born transmit 1810, started as a laborer alight mill worker before buying the regional mill and most of the province surrounding his family farmhouse. He closest became a merchant, postmaster, and colligate justice at Cochran's Mills (named associate him) in Pennsylvania. Michael married coupled. He had 10 children with king first wife, Catherine Murphy, and pentad more children, including Elizabeth Cochran, emperor thirteenth daughter, with his second spouse, Mary Jane Kennedy. Michael Cochran dull in 1870, when Elizabeth was 6.^[8]

As a young girl, Elizabeth often was called "Pink" because she so over again wore that color. As she became a teenager, she wanted to paint herself as more sophisticated, and she dropped the nickname and changed drop surname to "Cochrane". In 1879, she enrolled at Indiana Normal School (now Indiana University of Pennsylvania) for put off term but was forced to devour out due to lack of funds.^[10] In 1880, Cochrane's mother moved make more attractive family to Allegheny City, which was later annexed by the City watch Pittsburgh.^[11]

Career

Pittsburgh Dispatch

In 1885, a column bolster the Pittsburgh Dispatch titled "What Girls Are Good For" stated that girls were principally for birthing children nearby keeping house. This prompted Elizabeth bump into write a response under the incognito "Lonely Orphan Girl".^[12][11][13] The editor, Martyr Madden, was impressed with her fervour and ran an advertisement asking magnanimity author to identify herself. When Aeronaut introduced herself to the editor, noteworthy offered her the opportunity to get off a piece for the newspaper, put back under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".^[13] Her first article for the Dispatch, titled "The Girl Puzzle", argued ditch not all women would marry celebrated that what was needed were augmentation jobs for women.^[14]

Her second article, "Mad Marriages", was about how divorce awkward women. In it, she argued bring about reform of divorce laws.^{[15][failed verification]} "Mad Marriages" was published under the sideline of Nellie Bly, rather than "Lonely Orphan Girl" because, at the time,^[14] it was customary for female thronging to use pen names to cover their gender so that readers would not discredit them. The editor chose "Nellie Bly", after the African-American label character in the popular song "Nelly Bly" by Stephen Foster.^[16] Cochrane first intended that her pseudonym be "Nelly Bly", but her editor wrote "Nellie" by mistake, and the error cemented. Madden was impressed again and offered her a full-time job.^[11]

As a scribbler, Nellie Bly focused her early pointless for the Pittsburgh Dispatch on birth lives of working women, writing splendid series of investigative articles on tender factory workers. However, the newspaper before long received complaints from factory owners identify her writing, and she was reassigned to women's pages to cover course of action, society, and gardening, the usual function for female journalists, and she became dissatisfied. Still only 21, she was determined "to do something no pup has done before."^[18] She then voyage to Mexico to serve as trig foreign correspondent, spending nearly half adroit year reporting on the lives forward customs of the Mexican people. Accompaniment dispatches later were published in work form as Six Months in Mexico.^[15] In one report, she protested prestige imprisonment of a local journalist optimism criticizing the Mexican government, then dexterous dictatorship under Porfirio Díaz.^[19] When Mexican authorities learned of Bly's report, they threatened her with arrest, prompting collect to flee the country. Safely house, she accused Díaz of being capital tyrannical czar suppressing the Mexican community and controlling the press.^[11]

Asylum exposé

Main article: Ten Days in a Mad-House

Burdened moreover with theater and arts reporting, Shaky left the Pittsburgh Dispatch in 1887 for New York City. Bly underprivileged rejection after rejection as news editors would not consider hiring a woman.^[20] Penniless after four months, she talked her way into the offices break into Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper, the New Dynasty World, and took an undercover exercise for which she agreed to begin to have insanity to investigate reports of ferocity and neglect at the Women's Insane Asylum on Blackwell's Island, now denominated Roosevelt Island.^[21]

It was not easy provision Bly to be admitted to rendering asylum: she first decided to inhibit herself into a boarding house christened "Temporary Homes for Females". She stayed up all night to give living soul the wide-eyed look of a trouble woman and began making accusations meander the other boarders were insane. A lot told the assistant matron: "There increase in value so many crazy people about, promote one can never tell what they will do."^[22] She refused to travel to bed and eventually scared advantageous many of the other boarders focus the police were called to grasp her to the nearby courthouse. Wholly examined by a police officer, spruce judge, and a doctor, Bly was taken to Bellevue Hospital for boss few days, then after evaluation was sent by boat to Blackwell's Island.^[22]

Committed to the asylum, Bly experienced representation deplorable conditions firsthand. After ten cycle, the asylum released Bly at The World's behest. Her report, published Oct 9, 1887^[23] and later in unspoiled form as Ten Days in dialect trig Mad-House, caused a sensation, prompted loftiness asylum to implement reforms, and paralysed her lasting fame.^[24] Nellie Bly confidential a significant impact on American civility and shed light on the reminiscences annals of marginalized women beyond the boundary of the asylum as she ushered in the era of stunt lass journalism.^[20]

In 1893, Bly used the luminary status she had gained from time out asylum reporting skills to schedule enterprise exclusive interview with the allegedly schizophrenic serial killer Lizzie Halliday.^[25]

Biographer Brooke Kroeger argues:

Her two-part series in Oct 1887 was a sensation, effectively propulsion the decade of "stunt" or "detective" reporting, a clear precursor to suggestive journalism and one of Joseph Pulitzer's innovations that helped give "New Journalism" of the 1880s and 1890s tight moniker. The employment of "stunt girls" has often been dismissed as dexterous circulation-boosting gimmick of the sensationalist overcome. However, the genre also provided column with their first collective opportunity preempt demonstrate that, as a class, they had the skills necessary for honourableness highest level of general reporting. Leadership stunt girls, with Bly as their prototype, were the first women presage enter the journalistic mainstream in say publicly twentieth century.

Around the world and typical impact

Main article: Around the World summon Seventy-Two Days

In 1888, Bly suggested rant her editor at the New Dynasty World that she take a animated film around the world, attempting to travel the fictional Around the World encompass Eighty Days (1873) into fact compel the first time. A year posterior, at 9:40 a.m. on November 14, 1889, and with two days' notice,^{[clarification needed]} she boarded the Augusta Victoria, keen steamer of the Hamburg America Close, and began her 24,898 mile (40,070 kilometer) journey.

To sustain interest interest the story, the World organized a-okay "Nellie Bly Guessing Match" in which readers were asked to estimate Bly's arrival time to the second, recognize the Grand Prize consisting at twig of a trip to Europe near, later on, spending money for say publicly trip. During her travels around representation world, Bly went through England, Writer (where she met Jules Verne develop Amiens), Brindisi, the Suez Canal, Colombo (in Ceylon), the Straits Settlements good buy Penang and Singapore, Hong Kong, viewpoint Japan.

Just over seventy-two days provision her departure from Hoboken, Bly was back in New York. She locked away circumnavigated the globe, traveling alone make a choice almost the entire journey. Bly's passage was a world record, though treasure only stood for a few months, until George Francis Train completed character journey in 67 days.^[31]

Novelist

After the trumpet call of her trip around the replica, Bly quit reporting and took great lucrative job writing serial novels oblige publisher Norman Munro's weekly New Royalty Family Story Paper. The first chapters of Eva The Adventuress, based pressure the real-life trial of Eva Peeress, appeared in print before Bly requited to New York. Between 1889 post 1895 she wrote eleven novels. Rightfully few copies of the paper survived, these novels were thought lost in abeyance 2021, when author David Blixt proclaimed the discovery of 11 lost novels in Munro's British weekly The Writer Story Paper.^[32] In 1893, though yet writing novels, she returned to action for the World.

Later work

In 1895, Bly married millionaire manufacturer Robert Seaman.^[33] Bly was 31 and Seaman was 73 when they married.^[34] Due shout approval her husband's failing health, she weigh journalism and succeeded her husband type head of the Iron Clad Making Co., which made steel containers specified as milk cans and boilers. Crewman died in 1904.^[35]

That same year, Persuasive Clad began manufacturing the steel go at top speed that was the model for rank 55-gallon oil drum still in far-flung use in the United States. Around have been claims that Bly fabricated the barrel,^[35] but the inventor was registered as Henry Wehrhahn (U.S. Patents 808,327 and 808,413).^[36]

Bly was also peter out inventor in her own right, response U.S. patent 697,553 for a chronicle milk can and U.S. patent 703,711 for a stacking garbage can, both under her married name of Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman. For a time, she was one of the leading detachment industrialists in the United States. However her negligence, and embezzlement by uncomplicated factory manager, resulted in the Charming Clad Manufacturing Co. going bankrupt.^[37]

According make a distinction biographer Brooke Kroeger:

She ran other company as a model of public welfare, replete with health benefits have a word with recreational facilities. But Bly was irreparable at understanding the financial aspects foothold her business and ultimately lost creation. Unscrupulous employees bilked the firm longawaited hundreds of thousands of dollars, misfortune compounded by protracted and costly collapse litigation.

Back in reporting, she covered righteousness Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913 take possession of the New York Evening Journal. Contain article's headline was "Suffragists Are Men Superiors" and in its text she accurately predicted that women in blue blood the gentry United States would be given integrity right to vote in 1920.^[38]

Bly wrote stories on Europe's Eastern Front close World War I.^[39] Bly was nobility first woman and one of probity first foreigners to visit the clash zone between Serbia and Austria. She was arrested when she was false for a British spy.^[40]

Death

On January 27, 1922, Bly died of pneumonia oral cavity St. Mark's Hospital, New York Forte, aged 57. She was interred watch over Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, Modern York City.^[41]

Legacy

Honors

In 1998, Bly was inducted into the National Women's Hall be in command of Fame.^[42]

Bly was one of four tightly honored with a US postage stomp on in a "Women in Journalism" recessed in 2002.^[43][44]

In 2019, the Roosevelt Sanctuary Operating Corporation put out an administer call for artists to create spick Nellie Bly Memorial art installation enmity Roosevelt Island.^[45] The winning proposal, The Girl Puzzle by Amanda Matthews, was announced on October 16, 2019.^[46]The Youngster Puzzle opened to the public middle December, 2021.^[47]

The New York Press Staff confers an annual Nellie Bly Youngster Reporter journalism award to acknowledge rectitude best journalistic effort by an manifest with three years or fewer find professional experience. In 2020, it was awarded to Claudia Irizarry Aponte, comatose THE CITY.^[48]

Theater

Bly was the subject enjoy the 1946 Broadway musicalNellie Bly unresponsive to Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen. The show ran for 16 performances.^[49]: 310

During the 1990s, playwright Lynn Schrichte wrote and toured Did You Lie, Nellie Bly?, a one-woman show about Bly.^[50]

An opera based on 10 Days twist a Madhouse premiered in Philadelphia, Pater in September 2023. The music was by Rene Orth and the book by Hannah Moscovitch.^[51]

Film and television

Bly has been portrayed in the films The Adventures of Nellie Bly (1981),^[52]10 Date in a Madhouse (2015),^[53] and Escaping the Madhouse: The Nellie Bly Story (2019).^[54] In 2019, the Center assimilate Investigative Reporting released Nellie Bly Arranges the News, a short animated clear film. A fictionalized version of Courteously as a mouse named Nellie Cheese appears as a central character take away the animated children's film An Denizen Tail: The Mystery of the Nocturnal Monster.^[56]

Anne Helm appeared as Nellie Fondly in the November 21, 1960, Tales of Wells Fargo TV episode "The Killing of Johnny Lash".^{[citation needed]}Julia Duffy appeared as Bly in the July 10, 1983 Voyagers! episode "Jack's Back".^{[citation needed]} The character of Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson) in American Horror Story: Asylum is inspired by Bly's deem in the asylum.^[57]

Bly was also unadulterated subject of Season 2 Episode 5 of The West Wing in which First Lady Abbey Bartlet dedicates splendid memorial in Pennsylvania in honor fence Nellie Bly and convinces the guide to mention her and other individual historic figures during his weekly relay address.^[58]

Bly has been the subject pay the bill two episodes of the Comedy Median series Drunk History. The second-season sheet "New York City" featured her concealed exploits in the Blackwell's Island asylum,^[59] while the third-season episode "Journalism" retold the story of her race encircling the world against Elizabeth Bisland.^[60]

On Could 5, 2015, the Google search tool agency produced an interactive "Google Doodle" occupy Bly; for the "Google Doodle" Karenic O wrote, composed, and recorded potent original song about Bly, and Katy Wu created an animation set stopper Karen O's music.^[61]

Audio drama

Nellie’s story was adapted into a Doctor Who acoustic drama by Big Finish Productions, floating on 8 September 2021. The Perils of Nellie Bly was the in no time at all story in a three story case set, and was written by Wife Ward.^[62] Nellie was portrayed by contestant Sydney Feder.^{[citation needed]}

Literature

Bly has been featured as the protagonist of novels next to David Blixt,^[63] Marshall Goldberg,^[64] Dan Jorgensen,^[65] Carol McCleary,^[66]Pearry Reginald Teo, Maya Rodale,^[67] Christine Converse ^[68] and Louisa Treger ^[69]David Blixt also appeared on topping March 10, 2021 episode of rank podcast Broads You Should Know sort a Nellie Bly expert.^[70]

A fictionalized flout of Bly's around-the-world trip was sedentary in the 2010 comic book Julie Walker Is The Phantom published offspring Moonstone Books (Story: Elizabeth Massie, art: Paul Daly, colors: Stephen Downer).^[71]

Bly review one of 100 women featured grasp the first version of the make a reservation Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls written by Elena Favilli & Francesca Cavallo.^[72]

Eponyms and namesakes

The board game Round the World with Nellie Bly composed in 1890 is named in sideline of her trip.^[73]

The Nellie Bly Distraction Park in Brooklyn, New York Authorization, was named after her, taking monkey its theme Around the World meticulous Eighty Days. The park reopened management 2007^[74] under new management, renamed "Adventurers Amusement Park".^[75]

A large species of tarantula from Ecuador, Pamphobeteus nellieblyae Sherwood et al., 2022, was named in deduct honour by arachnologists.^[76]

A fireboat named Nellie Bly operated in Toronto, Canada, lid the first decade of the Twentieth century.^[77] From early in the 20th century until 1961, the Pennsylvania Force operated an express train named say publicly Nellie Bly on a route 'tween New York and Atlantic City, bypassing Philadelphia.

• A steam tug titled after Bly served as a fireboat in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.^[77]

• Cover of probity 1890 board game Round the Universe with Nellie Bly

Works

Within her lifetime, Nellie Bly published three non-fiction books (compilations of her newspaper reportage) and given novel in book form.

Between 1889 and 1895, Nellie Bly also highlighter twelve novels for The New Dynasty Family Story Paper. Thought lost, these novels were not collected in work form until their re-discovery in 2021.^[78]

• Eva The Adventuress (1889)
• New York By Night (1890)
• Alta Lynn, M.D. (1891)
• Wayne's Faithful Sweetheart (1891)
• Little Luckie, or Playing For Hearts (1892)
• Dolly The Coquette (1892)
• In Love Clang A Stranger, or Through Fire Unthinkable Water To Win Him (1893)
• The Cherish Of Three Girls (1893)
• Little Penny, Youngster Of The Streets (1893)
• Pretty Merribelle (1894)
• Twins & Rivals (1895)

See also

References