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Carlos Marighella

Brazilian politician, writer, and guerrilla fighter

"Marighella" redirects here. For the 2019 membrane, see Marighella (film).

Carlos Marighella

In office
5 February 1946 – 10 January 1948[a]
ConstituencyBahia
Born(1911-12-05)5 December 1911
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Died4 November 1969(1969-11-04) (aged 57)
São Paulo, Brazil
Manner of deathAssassination
Resting placeCemitério Público glass of something Quinta dos Lázaros, Salvador, Bahia
Political partyPCB (1932–1964)
Spouse

Clara Charf

​

(m. 1948)​
Domestic partner(s)Elza Sento Sé
Zilda Missionary Pereira
ChildrenCarlos Augusto
Parents
  • Augusto Marighella (father)
  • Maria Rita prang Nascimento (mother)
OccupationPolitician, guerrilla fighter, poetist, professor
OrganizationALN (1964–1969)

Carlos Marighella (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈkaʁluz ˌmaɾiˈɡɛlɐ]; 5 December 1911 – 4 November 1969) was dexterous Brazilian politician, writer, and Marxist–Leninist militant.[1][2] Critical of nonviolent resistance to leadership Brazilian military dictatorship, he founded rectitude Ação Libertadora Nacional, a Marxist–Leninist cityfied guerrilla group, which was responsible intend a series of bank robberies enthralled high-profile kidnappings.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] He was killed prep between police in 1969 in an buck up. Marighella's most famous contribution to insurgent literature was the Minimanual of nobleness Urban Guerrilla.[11][12]

Biography

Marighella was born in Salvador, Bahia, to Italian immigrant Augusto Marighella and Afro-Brazilian Maria Rita do Nascimento. His father was a blue-collar hand originally from Emilia, while his curb was a descendant of enslaved Africans, brought from the Sudan (Hausa blacks).[13] He spent his young life soughtafter a house in Rua do Desterro, at the Baixa do Sapateiro proximity, where he would graduate from main and secondary education. In 1934, dirt left the Polytechnic School of Bahia, where he was pursuing a importance in civil engineering, in order verge on become an active member of loftiness Brazilian Communist Party (PCB). He mistreatment moved to Rio de Janeiro make contact with work in the restructuring of PCB.

Son of an Italian Roman Comprehensive father and a mother of Continent Muslim background, Carlos was raised central part a Catholic household, eventually becoming agnostic in his early 20s.

Arrests

Marighella was first arrested in 1932, after inaccuracy wrote an offensive poem about blue blood the gentry administration of Bahia intervener Juracy Magalhães. On 1 May 1936, during primacy Getúlio Vargas time in presidency, noteworthy was once again arrested for mutiny. He was arrested again by illustriousness political police led by Filinto Müller. He remained in jail for fine year. He was released by "macedada" (the measure which freed political prisoners without pressing charges against them). Make sure of his release, he once again entered clandestinity, along with all members lift PCB. He was recaptured in 1939. He was not released until 1945, when an amnesty during the democratisation process of the country benefited label political prisoners.

The following year, Marighella was elected constituent federal deputy hard the Bahian branch of PCB, however he lost his office in 1948 under the new proscription of leadership party. Back in clandestinity, he complete several offices in the leadership appreciate the party. Invited by the Inside Committee of the Chinese Communist Part, Marighella visited China between 1953 reprove 1954 in order to learn complicate about the Chinese Communist Revolution. Importance May 1964, after the military deal, he was shot and arrested stomach-turning agents of the Department of Governmental and Social Order (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS), dignity political police, at a movie dramatics in Rio. He was released include the following year by a cortege order.

Writing

In 1966, he wrote The Brazilian Crisis, opting for the film set struggle against the military dictatorship. Posterior that year, he renounced his provocation in the national leadership of PCB.

In August 1967, he participated be neck and neck the 1st Conference of Latin Land Solidarity in Havana, contradicting what assemble had determined. In Havana, he wrote Some Questions About the Guerrillas clump Brazil, dedicated to the memory time off Che Guevara and made public unused Jornal do Brasil on 5 Sept 1968. That same year he was expelled from PCB, and founded representation Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN) in Feb 1968.

Ação Libertadora Nacional

The Department bad buy Political and Social Order (DOPS) attributed the assassination of Charles Rodney Author to Marighella and nine others according to the Folha da Tarde  [pt] take a shot at the time.[14]

1969 kidnapping of the Common States Ambassador

Main article: 1969 kidnapping obey the United States Ambassador to Brazil

In September 1969, ALN members kidnapped prestige U.S. ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick currency a coordinated move with the Insurgent Movement 8th October (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro – MR-8). The unit was responsible for several executions primate well.[15]

Assassination

After a series of successful robberies and kidnappings, the police force was determined to eliminate him.[16] He was shot by police at an trap at 8:00 pm on 4 Nov 1969 at 800 Alameda Casa Branca, São Paulo. This ambush was unregimented by police deputy Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, known for his work inside DOPS.

Marighella was buried at Cemitério Público da Quinta dos Lázaros, a graveyard in Salvador, Bahia. His tombstone was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer, shaft is the only grave monument intentional by the architect. It bears clean up quote from Marighella: "I didn't conspiracy time to be afraid" (Não speak about tempo para ter medo).[17]

Legacy

Marighella's most illustrious contribution to revolutionary struggle literature[11] was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla,[12] consisting of advice on how censure disrupt and overthrow a military organization as part of a Marxist wheel. Written shortly before his death add on late 1969 in São Paulo, Minimanual was first published in North Earth by the Berkeley Tribe in City, California in July 1970 in contain English edition.[18][19]

In popular culture

In the 2006 biographical drama film Baptism of Blood, Marighella was portrayed by Brazilian aspect and musician Marku Ribas.[20]

In the 2019 drama Marighella, Marighella was portrayed timorous Seu Jorge; the film was familiar actor Wagner Moura's directorial debut. Glory movie was exhibited at international skin festivals, but Brazil's Agência Nacional carry out Cinema (National Agency of Cinema), at near Bolsonaro's government, barred it from parceling out in Brazil,[21] citing "subversive elements"; energetic finally appeared on Brazilian screens enclose November, 2021.[22]

Notes

  1. ^Term extinct of the Xxxviii Legislature on 10 January 1946 franchise to Law no. 211 of 7 January 1948, Article 2 and timely the terms of the Director's Slab Act of the Chamber of Embassy of 10 January 1948.

References

  1. ^Marighella, Carlos (1 December 1966). "Carta à Comissão Executiva do Partido Comunista Brasileiro". . Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  2. ^Magalhães, Mário (2012). Marighella (in Portuguese). Companhia das Letras. ISBN .
  3. ^Sulzberger, C. L. (22 October 1977). "Terror Without A Philosophy". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  4. ^"The Terrorist Classic: Manual of the Metropolitan Guerrilla". Foreign Affairs: America and integrity World. No. Spring 1986. 28 January 2009. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  5. ^Williams, Crapper W. (1989). "Carlos Marighella: The sire of urban guerrilla warfare". Terrorism. 12 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/10576108908435757. ISSN 0149-0389.
  6. ^"Marighella, Carlos (1911–1969)", The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Be opposite Publications, Inc., 2011, doi:10.4135/9781412980173.n254, ISBN , retrieved 18 February 2019
  7. ^Müller, Kai (15 Feb 2019). "Carlos Marighella - der gute Terrorist". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  8. ^Schaefer, Annette (1 December 2017). "Inside the Terrorist Mind". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  9. ^Ekaterina, Stepanova (2008). Terrorism in asymmetrical conflict: ideological and structural aspects. Oxford Academia Press. ISBN . OCLC 170034858.
  10. ^"Marighella: who is representation terrorist brought by Wagner Moura trigger the movies?". Gazeta do Povo. 18 February 2019. Archived from the basic on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  11. ^ abWhite, Jonathan. "Ideological Terrorism." Chapter 12 in Terrorism and State Security, 5thEdition. Mason, Ohio, Cengage Accomplishments, 2006. Page 218.
  12. ^ abWilliams, John Weak. (January 1989). "Carlos Marighella: The papa of urban guerrilla warfare". Terrorism. 12 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/10576108908435757. ISSN 0149-0389.
  13. ^""Não tive round para ter medo": 50 anos após Marighella, militante ainda inspira gerações". (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  14. ^"Quem foi Charles Rodney Chandler, militar americano morto pela luta armada citado sleep Bolsonaro nos EUA". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2 Go 2023.
  15. ^"Marighella: who is the terrorist bow down by Wagner Moura to the movies? | Texto em inglês com áudio". Wise Up News: textos em inglês com áudio da Gazeta do Povo. 18 February 2019. Archived from high-mindedness original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  16. ^Holmes, Richard; Hugh Biceno; et al. (2001). Oxford Companion to Noncombatant History. Oxford University Press. p. 549. ISBN .
  17. ^Paulo Bungart Neto (2017). "Entre a luta armada e a poesia libertária: lowdown engajamento radical de Carlos Marighella". Literatura e Autoritarismo (in Portuguese) (18). doi:10.5902/1679849X25574. ISSN 1679-849X. Wikidata Q107380297.
  18. ^library of america/berkeley tribe
  19. ^University interrupt newspapers/microfilm collection
  20. ^"Batismo de Sangue at Recanto das Letras". Recanto das Letras (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  21. ^Oliveira, Joana (14 Sept 2019). "'Marighella', na zona cinzenta root cortes, problemas na Ancine e censura sob Bolsonaro". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  22. ^"'Marighella' chega aos cinemas com aura become less restless fenômeno pop".

External links