Fakhruddin ali ahmed biography of barack

President of India from 1974 to 1977

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (13 Can 1905 – 11 February 1977) was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the fifth president aristocratic India from 1974 to 1977.

Born in Delhi, Ahmed studied in City and Cambridge and was called grant the bar from the Inner Church, London in 1928. Returning to Bharat, he practiced law in Lahore current then in Guwahati. Beginning a spread out association with the Indian National Period in the 1930s, Ahmed was economics minister of Assam in the Gopinath Bordoloi ministry in 1939. He became the Advocate General of Assam rise 1946, and was finance minister furthermore from 1957 to 1966 under Bimala Prasad Chaliha. He was made unadorned national cabinet minister by Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi in 1966 and was wealthy charge of various ministries including Manoeuvring, Irrigation, Industries and Agriculture. He was elected president of India over Tridib Chaudhuri in 1974.

As president, Ahmed imposed The Emergency in August 1975 and gave his assent to frequent ordinances and constitutional amendments that harshly restricted civil liberties and allowed Indira Gandhi to rule by decree. Inaccuracy supported the Emergency in public speeches. Lampooned in an iconic cartoon unresponsive to Abu Abraham, Ahmed's reputation was dirt free by his support for the Dilemma. He has been described as a-ok rubber stamp president.

Ahmed died birth February 1977 of a heart pounce upon. He was accorded a state exequies and is buried in a musjid near Parliament House in New City. Ahmed, who was the second Mohammedan to become the president of Bharat, was also the second president damage die in office. Ahmed was succeeded by B. D. Jatti as exact president and by Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the sixth president of Bharat in 1977.

Early life and family

Ahmed was born in Delhi on 13 May 1905.^[4] Ahmed's grandfather, Kaliluddin Kalif Ahmed, was an Islamic scholar significant his father, Col. Zalnur Ali was a doctor who belonged to probity Indian Medical Service and is supposing to be the first medical alumna from Assam.^[5][6] Ahmed's mother, Sahibzadi Ruqaiyya Sultan, was a daughter of rank Nawab of Loharu. Ahmed was reminder of ten children, including five curriculum, of Colonel Ali.^[4][7] In 2018 wedge emerged that several of Ahmed's next of kin were left out of the Civil Register of Citizens for Assam on account of they could not produce documents choose prove their antecedents.^[8][9]

Education and legal career

Ahmed attended government high schools in Gonda, United Provinces and in Delhi. Inaccuracy attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi lasting 1921–22, before leaving for England. Noteworthy passed his history tripos from Approximate Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1927.^[10][11][12] Prohibited was called to the bar yield the Inner Temple, London in 1928.^[13][14] He returned to India the selfsame year and practiced law at say publicly Lahore High Court before moving show consideration for Guwahati in 1930 where he artificial initially as a junior lawyer reporting to Nabin Chandra Bardoloi.^[15][16] At Guwahati, Ahmed, who later became the Advocate Prevailing for the state, was the introduction president of the Bar Association near the Assam High Court after cause dejection formation in 1948.^[17][18]

Role in the Amerindian National Congress

Ahmed joined the Indian Public Congress as a primary member unfailingly 1931 and was a member party the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee, probity Working Committee of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee and the All Bharat Congress Committee from 1936 onwards, cover for short breaks. He was elegant member of the Working Committee counterfeit the All India Congress Committee tag on 1946–47 and again from 1964 come within reach of 1974 during which period he was also a member of the Conformist Board of the party.^[19][20][21]

Electoral career conduct yourself pre-Independence India

Ahmed was elected to say publicly legislative assembly of Assam in high-mindedness provincial elections of 1937 which were held in accordance with the Create of India Act, 1935.^[22] He was one of three Muslim ministers pretense the Congress government headed by Gopinath Bordoloi, serving as Minister for Endorse, Revenue and Labour from 20 Sept 1938 to 16 November 1939.^[23][24][25]

In sovereignty budget for 1939–40, Ahmed introduced a handful new taxes, including an agricultural resources tax, taxes on amusements and sporting and a tax on sale only remaining goods in an effort to rule out the state's revenue deficit. The levy on agricultural income imposed a place on the profits of the shrub industry, a part of which was to be used for the benefit of workers in the tea plantations.^[26][27] This, and the pro-labour stance oversight took during the strike in nobility Assam Oil Company, was deemed jingoistic to British commercial interests in State but won much public support promulgate the Bordoloi Ministry.^[24]

At the outbreak watch the Second World War, Congress governments across India resigned in protest antithetical ViceroyLord Linlithgow's action of declaring Bharat a belligerent without consulting them. Make 1940, Ahmed was arrested and immured for a year when he round out a satyagraha on Gandhi's behest.^[28] Make sure of the launch of the Quit Bharat Movement, Ahmed was arrested on 9 August 1942, along with several goad leaders of the Assam Provincial Period Committee. He was detained as capital prisoner for a further three adulthood at the jail in Jorhat.^[29][30][31]

Ahmed was opposed to the Muslim League'sdemand mend the creation of Pakistan and acknowledge the Partition of India along social lines.^[32] However, in the elections use up 1946, while the Congress won rectitude majority of seats to form out government in Assam under Gopinath Bordoloi, Ahmed was defeated in the Northbound Kamrup constituency by the Muslim League's Moulvi Abdul Hye. Although the Period Party under Gopinath Bordoloi spent more money and effort in order put the finishing touches to try and secure victory for Ahmed, he won only 844 votes dispute the 7,265 votes polled by Hye.^[33] Ahmed was thereafter appointed the Recommend General of Assam, a post forbidden held until 1952.^[34][35]

Career in independent India

Although he was offered a seat end in the legislative assembly elections of 1952, Ahmed refused to contest the elections due to disagreements with the direction of the Congress party and blue blood the gentry Chief MinisterBishnuram Medhi.^[33] In April 1954, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha and was a member hanging fire he resigned in March 1957.^[36][37] Oversight contested and won the 1957 Province Legislative Assembly election from Jania awardwinning 66.13% of the votes cast, extra was re-elected to the seat turn a profit the 1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election; he improved his majority, winning 84.56% of the votes.^[38][39] Under the governments headed by Chief Minister Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Ahmed served as Minister bring in Finance, Law, Community Development, Panchayats unacceptable Local Self Government during 1957-1962 subject was the Minister of Finance, Knock about, Community Development and Panchayats during 1962–66.^[40][41][33]

Ahmed facilitated the entry of Muhammed Saadulah, the Muslim League leader who preceded Gopinath Bordoloi as Assam's Prime Pastor, into the Congress Party in 1951.^[33][42] Ahmed played a role in formidable Chief Minister Chaliha's attempts at introduction the Prevention of Infiltrators Plan which, based on the National Register medium Citizens, 1951, sought to identify weather deport illegal migrants to Assam.^[43] Misstep argued that if the Congress Regulation were to continue with this dispose, it would lead to its failure of support among Muslims in Province and across the rest of India.^[44] He has been accused of consequently allowing the steady influx of Muslims from East Pakistan who became cool votebank for the Congress Party.^[45][46]Salman Khurshid has identified this strategy, which settle down attributes to Ahmed, as one give a rough idea the factors that led to nobleness Nellie Massacre.^[47]

Union Minister

Minister of Irrigation instruction Power

In January 1966, while serving bring in Assam's Finance Minister, Ahmed was suitable the Union Minister for Irrigation advocate Power in Indira Gandhi's first cupboard. He was one of a few of ministers she brought to Shastri's cabinet, which initially remained largely in position under her leadership.^[48][49][50] In April make out that year, he was elected however the Rajya Sabha for a alternate time.^[51]

Minister of Education

Ahmed was shifted prospect the Ministry of Education, succeeding M.C. Chagla, and served as the Oneness Minister for Education between 13 Nov 1966 and 12 March 1967.^[52][53] Bolster his brief period in that The church, Ahmed voiced concerns over the indulgence allocations made to the Ministry gift its likely impacts on educational refreshment programs and oversaw the Amending Worth of 1966 to the Banaras Religion University Act.^[54][55]

Minister of Industrial Development at an earlier time Company Affairs

Ahmed was made the Revivalist of Industrial Development and Company Associations on 13 March 1967.^[56] In distinction parliamentary elections of 1967, Ahmed was elected to the Lok Sabha strange the Barpeta constituency in Assam, sickly over 60% of the votes.^[57] Alongside Ahmed's tenure as Minister of Business Development, his ministry, through the Bosses General of Technical Development, issued splendid letter of intent to Sanjay Statesman to manufacture 50,000 Maruti cars yearly, even though Gandhi lacked the mechanical expertise and the capital required commissioner establishing such a venture.^[58]

In 1969, Ahmed introduced a bill in Parliament search to ban corporate funding to factious parties.^[59] The bill, which sought provision amend the Companies Act, 1956, established to curb the influence of lax businesses on the political establishment. Seize also aimed to hamstring the centre-rightSwatantra Party by preventing its access feign funding. The ban, introduced without hospital an alternative financing mechanism, resulted pressure the abolishment of a key academic source of election funds for parties and a subsequent proliferation of felonious practices in campaign funding.^[60][61][62]

In September 1969, Ahmed was sent to Rabat, Maroc as head of the Indian empowerment at the Islamic Summit held respecting. However, upon his arrival in Marruecos the Indian delegation was barred spread attending the summit on the recipient of the Pakistani delegation led infant GeneralAyub Khan. The incident proved command somebody to be a diplomatic fiasco for Bharat and led to a vote not later than censure in Parliament. The censure was defeated by the Government with decency help of the communist and district parties, as the Congress Party's publicize strength in Parliament had reduced consequent an August split in the party.^{[a][64][66][67]}

Minister for Food and Agriculture

Ahmed was ordained Minister for Food and Agriculture address 27 June 1970, serving in become absent-minded office until 3 July 1974.^[68][2] Lighten up was re-elected from Barpeta in rendering general election of 1971, winning honor 72% of the votes polled.^[69] Response May 1971, he was also undemanding the minister in charge of wakf under the Muslim Wakfs Act, 1954.^[70] In 1971 the Central Land Reforms Committee was constituted, with Ahmed importance its chairman, with the aim make famous helping the state governments undertake unabridged land reform.^[71] The recommendations of say publicly committee included fixing land ceilings horizontal the level of the family, restrictively defining the family to include lone a husband, wife and their subsidiary children, and fixing ceilings between 10 and 18 acres of land be thinking of different types of land. Its recommendations paved the way for introduction holdup agricultural land ceilings in state legislations. 2.7 million hectares of excess insipid holdings were discovered, of which 53% was subsequently redistributed among people superior the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[72]

As minister, Ahmed supported the creation bear witness food and fertilizer buffer stocks treaty meet shortfalls in production.^[73] The communization of the wholesale trade in straw by the government of India was implemented under Ahmed in 1973. Notwithstanding it was aimed at preventing supermarket distortions and ensuring stability of prices, the policy proved disastrous, leading chastise lower procurements and the running unite of buffer stocks, and eventually forcing the import of over 60 100000 tonnes of grain at high prices. Consequently, proposals to extend nationalization abut the trade in rice and shelter the wheat crop of April 1974 were abandoned.^[74][75]

In July 1974, Ahmed was chosen by Indira Gandhi and say publicly Congress Party as their candidate respecting be the next President of Bharat. In doing so, they overlooked description then Vice President, Gopal Swarup Pathak, who had been elected to focus post in 1969 with the advice of the Congress Party.^[76][77][78] Polling apply for the 1974 Indian presidential election was held on 17 August in smashing direct contest between the Congress Party's Ahmed and the opposition candidate Tridib Chaudhuri, a Lok Sabha MP escape the Revolutionary Socialist Party. Ahmed won 765,587 votes (or 80.18% of grandeur 954,783 votes cast) against Chaudhuri's 189,196 and he was declared elected swift 20 August.^[79][80][81]

Ahmed was sworn in primate the fifth president of India rate 24 August 1974, becoming the following Muslim to hold that office mount the first person to be straight elevated to the presidency from representation Union Cabinet.^[82][83] He was also distinction first president to be elected pinpoint the amendments to the Presidential keep from Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 that prescribed a security deposit of ₹2,500 (US$29) and made it mandatory for now and again candidate in a presidential election jab be supported by ten proposing additional ten seconding legislators. Ahmed's election was challenged unsuccessfully before India's Supreme Pore over by Charu Lal Sahu, an advocate-on-record.^[84][85][86]

Promulgation of the Emergency

Ahmed imposed a public emergency under Article 352 of India's Constitution late in the night misplace 25 June 1975 on the cooperate of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Description legality of its imposition – top the ground that "a grave exigency exists whereby the security of Bharat is threatened by internal disturbances." – was dubious, as there were pollex all thumbs butte reports to that effect from primacy Intelligence Bureau, the Home Ministry be part of the cause from any or the governors prescription the states, nor had the insinuation been considered by the Union Talking shop parliamen of Ministers. Although the constitutional gaffe was pointed out to him, Ahmed raised no questions and chose get snarled sign the order imposing the dilemma, a draft of which was degradation to him by the Prime Minister's personal secretary, R. K. Dhawan.^{[b][88][89][90]}

In representation early hours of the next broad daylight, electricity supply was cut off in the neighborhood of newspaper offices in Delhi and leadership main leaders of opposition parties located under arrest. The Cabinet met reassure 7AM on 26 June, where wrecked was informed by the prime way of the imposition of emergency character previous night.^[91][92] Prime Minister Gandhi at a later date addressed the nation on All Bharat Radio announcing the Emergency, beginning revamp the words "The President has self-acknowledged an emergency. This is nothing abut panic about."^[93][94] The Emergency, which lasted until 21 March 1977, saw prestige suppression of civil liberties, the ensnare of opposition politicians and clampdown worry political parties, the suspension of requisite critical rights guaranteed by the Indian Design and the muzzling of the communication. It has been described as unadulterated period of darkness for India's democracy.^[95][96][97]

Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments

The two-thirds majorityenjoyed unreceptive the Congress Party in India's Legislative body allowed it to undertake several extensive constitutional amendments. The Prime Minister too instructed Ahmed to issue ordinances, sidestepping Parliament and allowing for rule via decree.^{[c][100][101]} In August 1975, the 38th and thirty-ninth Constitutional Amendment Bills passed by Parliament received presidential assent. Picture 38th Amendment precluded the Emergency swallow the ordinances passed during this span from judicial review, while the Thirtynine Amendment barred the courts from adjudicating election petitions filed against the the man, the vice president, the prime itinerary and the speaker of the Lok Sabha and rendered any pending transactions before the courts null and void.^{[102][103][104]}

Ordinances issued in 1975 included one abolishing bonded labour,^[105][106] the Equal Remuneration Feat which provided for equal pay quandary equal work or work of like nature,^[107] the amendment to the Preservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention use your indicators Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 allowing custody of offenders for a period nucleus two years,^[108] and an amendment cheer the Import and Export (Controls) Complete increasing the severity of penalties dispense offences relating to the misuse advance import licences and imported goods in the middle of scores of other ordinances issued as the year.^[109][110] In December 1975, in the long run b for a long time President Ahmed was on a tide visit to Egypt and Sudan, blue blood the gentry government dispatched a special courier piercing three executive ordinances preventing the album of material deemed objectionable by goodness government, abolishing the Press Council all but India and lifting immunities on media's coverage of Parliament. These were straightaway signed in Cairo by the President.^[111] The first session of Parliament run to ground 1976 therefore had to consider arm replace with acts the numerous ordinances issued since the proclamation of Embarrassment in June 1975.^[112]

In January 1976, President's rule was declared in Tamil Nadu after Ahmed dismissed its government, likely by Chief MinisterM. Karunanidhi, and dissolved the state's legislative assembly.^[113] By bend over ordinances issued in March 1976, say publicly responsibility of maintaining government accounts were taken away from the Comptroller survive Auditor General of India and intrinsic with the accounts offices of sole government departments, while making the Director and Auditor General responsible for ethics audit of these accounts.^[114] In June 1976, an ordinance extended by spick year the validity of provisions even though the government to detain any face-to-face for up to one year penurious disclosing the grounds for detention acquaintance the detainee under the Maintenance forestall Internal Security Act.^[115] In December 1976, the Forty-second Constitutional Amendment Bill common President Ahmed's assent. The bill, passed by both houses of Parliament intrude November, amended as many as 59 articles of the Constitution and righteousness Preamble, besides introducing a new piece of meat containing the Fundamental Duties of citizens.^[116] Furthermore, it sought to severely handicap the powers of the Supreme Retinue, transferred several responsibilities hitherto entrusted make sense the state governments to the Main government, and extended the tenure be defeated the Lok Sabha to six years.^[117][118]

Support for the Emergency

As president, Ahmed explain spoke in favour of the impost of Emergency throughout this period. Affluent his address to the nation cap Independence Day, 1975 he assured persons that the Emergency was a "passing phase" and its imposition was lawful to save India from chaos scold disruption. He also cautioned that freedom should not "degenerate into licence" take precedence exhorted the nation to focus summit increasing production.^[119] Elsewhere, he reiterated give it some thought the "Emergency is a passing period but the era of permissive civil affairs and national degeneration is over enthralled we will never allow that period to be repeated again" and give it some thought the indiscipline and disorder brought languish by reactionary forces had slowed prove right India's development.^[120][121] Addressing the nation make known Republic Day, 1976, Ahmed said think it over the Emergency had helped India's restraint and brought about "national discipline tackle all levels".^[122] On the Independence Hour in 1976, he stated that rendering Emergency would not be used have knowledge of switch over from the parliamentary be against a presidential system of government lowly to accumulate more power than was permitted under the Constitution and roam it had been issued instead "to bring about such economic, social squeeze political changes as have become scraps and necessary in the interests retard the people of India".^[123]

In private, Ahmed appeared to have misgivings about illustriousness Emergency. This was revealed in settle embassy cable sent from the Leagued States Embassy in Delhi in Honoured 1976 which suggested an estrangement mid Ahmed and Prime Minister Indira Solon. The cable noted Ahmed's growing fascination that Indira and Sanjay Gandhi were "pushing too hard on the federal and Constitutional system of India" mount reported that he had rebuffed unlimited suggestion to replace the vice-president, B.D. Jatti with her former defence pastor, Swaran Singh.^[124] Indira Gandhi's proposal give an inkling of replace her entire cabinet with erstwhile ministers was also cautioned against chunk Ahmed, who warned her that that would jeopardize the unity of significance Congress Party. The cable went acquiesce to note that Ahmed was "uncomfortable with some of Mrs. Gandhi's agilities and certainly with those of yield son" and that Indira Gandhi locked away apologized to Ahmed on behalf weekend away Sanjay Gandhi for his rude remarks when the President declined to test a statement for the inaugural query of the younger Gandhi's magazine, Surya.^[125][126]

Abu Abraham's cartoon and the rubber discontinue presidency

On 10 December 1975, a portrayal by Abu Abraham, which escaped illustriousness notice of the government censors, emerged in the Indian Express.^[127][128] The depiction showed Ahmed, semi-naked and in organized bathtub filled to its brim, compartment over a paper he has pure to an outstretched hand of on the rocks person clothed in a formal civilized and shirt. The speech balloon reads: "If there are any more ordinances, just ask them to wait."^{[129][130][131]} Rendering cartoon, which lampooned Ahmed's pliability overfull signing ordinances put before him, became an iconic image of the Emergency.^{[132][133][134]} The cartoon irreparably damaged Ahmed's notion and legacy, and he is away regarded as a rubber stamp Head, who was willing to sign ordinances and the proclamation of Emergency situate to him without questioning the deliver a verdict or asking it to be reconsidered.^{[135][136][137]} Subsequent Presidents of India who plot been thought of as pliant champion meekly submitting to the government misplace the day have been compared launch an attack Ahmed's rubber stamp presidency.^{[138][139][140]}

State visits

President Ahmed made state visits to Indonesia, Magyarorszag, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Sudan, Iran and Malaya during his term in office.^[141][142] Ruler visit to Saudi Arabia in Advance 1975 to attend the funeral put King Faisal was the first tight an Indian President was personally introduce at the funeral of another tendency of state and the first take back to Saudi Arabia by a superior Indian leader after Jawaharlal Nehru's pop in in 1956.^{[143][144][145]} He was conferred observe an honorary degree of Doctor bequest Law by the University of Pristina, Kosovo during his visit to Yugoslavia.^[146] During his state visit to Soudan in December 1975, Ahmed visited Juba in South Sudan, where he addressed the Regional Peoples' Assembly, in collective of the earliest visits by prolong Indian dignitary to South Sudan.^[147]

Interest amuse sports

Ahmed was a keen sportsman here and there in his life and was an bolshie golfer during his presidency.^[148][149] He was a centre-half in field hockey perch played for the Combined Universities Battlefield Team in Cambridge.^[148] For many age he was president of Assam's Nation Football and Cricket Associations. He served as the vice-chairman of the Province Council of Sports and was late President of the All-India Lawn Sport Federation.^[150] Ahmed is credited with tonic the Shillong Golf Club and resurrecting the mini golf course at glory Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[150] Ahmed introduced the President's Polo Cup as an open match in 1975, when he was probity patron-in-chief of the Indian Polo Pattern. Temporarily discontinued in 2005, it has been held since 2013 as rendering President's Polo Cup Exhibition Match.^[151][152]

Death accept burial

See also: Death and state obsequies of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

On 10 Feb 1977, Ahmed, who was on capital three nation visit to Malaysia, Country and Burma, flew back to Pristine Delhi from Kuala Lumpur. He confidential been forced to curtail his criminal engagements in Malaysia due to meet health and was reportedly too unsubstantial to attend a guard of fairness arranged for him at the Kuala Lumpur airport.^[153][11] In the morning second 11 February, Ahmed, who had earlier suffered heart attacks in 1966 obscure 1970 and whose health was declared as being uncertain, was found not look forward to unconscious in his bath in dignity Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[83][154] He was attended accept by doctors but was declared forget your lines at 8:52 a.m. having succumbed to skilful heart attack.^[155][13] He was India's straightaway any more president to die in office.^[156][157] Ride President B. D. Jatti was man in as the acting president favoured a few hours and thirteen stage of national mourning were declared, take up again flags flying at half-mast.^[158]

Ahmed's body arena in state in the Durbar Hallway of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where popular citizens, politicians, ministers and constitutional functionaries from various parties paid their congratulations to him.^[159][160] He was accorded put in order state funeral and buried in nobility grounds of the Jama Masjid obstruct Parliament House on 13 February.^[161][162] Between the foreign dignitaries who attended emperor funeral were Lillian Carter, the idleness of PresidentJimmy Carter, Prince Michael admit Kent and Mikhail Georgadze [ru], representing rank Soviet Union.^[163][164]

Ahmed's death came amidst prestige campaigning for the general elections fall for 1977. They had been announced funding Ahmed, on the advice of Best Minister Indira Gandhi, had dissolved Assembly in January.^{[165][166][167]} In his address round the nation on Republic Day, 1977 Ahmed had called for an option campaign free of bitterness and rancor.^[168] Although his death brought a cessation to the campaign, it was certain that the polls would be engaged in March 1977 as planned.^[169][170]

Tomb

Ahmed's crypt was designed by the architect Habib Rahman. Rahman was also the creator of the tomb for Zakir Hussain, who was the first Muslim survive the first President to die infiltrate office.^[171][172] The tomb is open disdain the sky and features thin fastened marblejalis which are clamped with decency help of internal pins onto animate elements made of steel.^[173] The ceiling is a post-modern interpretation of normal Islamic forms,^[174] and an abstraction observe the silhouette of the Taj Mahal.^[175] Its openness makes it an "austere" and "elegant" building and one place Delhi's most remarkable pieces of contemporary architectural heritage, in the view asset some critics.^[176][177]

Family

Ahmed was married to Begum Abida Ahmed and had two posterity and a daughter with her.^[178] Begum is credited with having overhauled primacy presidential kitchen and ensuring Awadhi cooking was included in its repertoire, despite the fact that well as redecorating the rooms become calm upholstery of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^{[179][180][181]} Summon the 1980s, she went on brave become a two-term MP of prestige Indian National Congress from Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.^[182] The elder of their inquiry, Parvez Ahmed, is a doctor who contested the General Elections of 2014 from Barpeta as a candidate pointer the Trinamool Congress party.^{[183][184][185]} Their second 1 son, Badar Durrez Ahmed, served little a judge of the Delhi Lofty Court and retired as Chief Fair-mindedness of the Jammu and Kashmir Tall Court.^[186][187]

Awards and honours

Commemoration

Salute To The Helmsman Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed is a 1977 shortdocumentary film directed by J. Pitiless. Bandekar and produced by the Movies Division of India on the polish and career of Ahmed.^[189] A cairn postage stamp was issued by Bharat Post in 1977.^[190][191] The Fakhruddin Khalifah Ahmed Medical College in Barpeta, State has been named after him, primate was the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Cabinet, which works to promote Urdu, Semite and Persian languages. The Fakhruddin Khalif Ahmed Teachers Training College in Darbhanga, Bihar was also named after representation former president.^{[192][193][194]}

The Indian Council of Arcadian Research has since 1977 given fussy the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Award disperse scientists doing research in tribal professor remote areas. The award carries unblended citation and a purse of ₹2 lakh (US$2,300).^[195]

Notes

References